Ecosystem management analysis study in tourist villages
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.61511/jmarpt.v2i1.2025.3914Keywords:
polycentric governance, ridge-to-reef, Raja Ampat, small-island ecotourism, carrying capacityAbstract
Background: Arborek Island (8.2 ha), within Raja Ampat's Dampier Strait Marine Protected Area, is a global hub for community-based marine ecotourism and rich biodiversity. Surging tourism imposes acute socio-ecological pressures on fragile habitats and threatened megafauna (Mobula alfredi, Chelonia mydas), exposing vulnerabilities inherent to small-island systems. Methods: This study develops an empirical spatial-ecological and polycentric governance framework, combining multi-criteria GIS overlay (1:25,000) of infrastructure and statutory forest designations with a micro-spatial threat matrix. The approach integrates Diver Carrying Capacity (DCC) modeling, propeller-wash evaluation, and governance benchmarking across Dampier Strait communities and international destinations (Apo, Sipadan, Palau, Great Barrier Reef). Findings: Spatial analysis reveals a spatial-institutional dichotomy: Arborek's terrestrial core (5.4 ha; 65.8%) is classified as Protected Forest (HL), while its shoreline and reef flat (2.8 ha; 34.2%) fall under Nature Reserve/Nature Tourism Sea Forest (HSAW). All 10 homestays and dive facilities cluster along the coastal margin, encroaching on the HSAW fringe. Uncontrolled vessels—propeller cavitation and anchor dragging within 50 m of shore at depths below 1.5 m, damage Acropora and resuspend sediments, while diver congestion during slack water disrupts manta ray cleaning and courtship. Absent decentralized wastewater treatment allows nutrient percolation through carbonate sands, triggering macroalgae blooms, and open waste burning releases toxic residues intertidally. Benchmarking shows customary tenure (Sasi Laut) alone is insufficient without statutory enforcement and infrastructure support. Conclusion: Island resilience requires hybrid, polycentric governance: offshore mooring buoys, a 4:1 diver-to-guide ratio, decentralized subsurface biofilters, and codification of Sasi into binding Village Regulations (Peraturan Kampung). Integrating ridge-to-reef policies across KLHK and KKP/BLUD is essential to achieving Target 3 of the Kunming-Montreal Biodiversity Framework. Novelty/Originality of this article: First empirical ridge-to-reef governance model resolving institutional overlaps between forestry decrees, marine spatial planning, and customary tenure in small-island ecotourism.
References
Agardy, T., di Sciara, G. N., & Christie, P. (2011). Mind the gap: Addressing the shortcomings of marine protected areas through large scale marine spatial planning. Marine Policy, 35(2), 226–232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2010.10.006
Allen, G. R., & Erdmann, M. V. (2012). Reef Fishes of the East Indies: Volumes I-III. Perth: Tropical Reef Research. https://www.reeffishesoftheeastindies.com/
Badan Informasi Geospasial (BIG). (2020). Batas administrasi wilayah desa dan kecamatan Indonesia Skala 1:25.000. Cibinong: BIG.
Bellwood, D. R., Streit, R. P., Brandl, S. J., & Tebbett, S. B. (2019). The meaning of the term ‘function’ in ecology: A coral reef perspective. Functional Ecology, 33(6), 948–961. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.13265
Bennett, N. J., Katz, L., Yadao-Evans, W., Ahmadia, G. N., Atkinson, S., Ban, N. C., ... & Wilhelm, T. A. (2021). Advancing equity in large-scale marine protected areas. Frontiers in Marine Science, 8, 629205. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.629205
Berkes, F. (2017). Sacred Ecology (4th ed.). New York: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315114644
BLUD UPTD Raja Ampat. (2024). Profil keanekaragaman hayati laut dan terumbu karang Raja Ampat. Waisai: UPTD KKP Raja Ampat.
Burke, L., Reytar, K., Spalding, M., & Perry, A. (2012). Reefs at risk revisited in the coral triangle. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute. https://www.wri.org/research/reefs-risk-revisited-coral-triangle
Cadiz, P. L., & Calumpong, H. P. (2020). Long-term assessment of coral reef communities in Apo Island Marine Reserve, Philippines. Ocean & Coastal Management, 198, 105349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2020.105349
Carl, A., Sterling, E. J., Mandle, L., & Jupiter, S. D. (2021). Ridge-to-reef management linkages in small island developing states. Environmental Science & Policy, 124, 452–463. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2021.07.015
Carlisle, K., & Gruby, R. L. (2019). Polycentric systems of governance: A theoretical model for the commons. Policy Studies Journal, 47(4), 927–952. https://doi.org/10.1111/psj.12212
Chung, C. S., Lee, H., & Kang, S. (2018). Estimating the diver carrying capacity of coral reefs in high-density marine ecotourism destinations. Tourism Management, 68, 185–196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2018.03.011
Cinner, J. E., Zamborain-Mason, J., Gurney, G. G., Graham, N. A. J., MacNeil, M. A., Hoey, A. S., & Mouillot, D. (2020). Meeting fisheries, ecosystem function, and biodiversity goals in a human-dominated world. Science, 368(6488), 307–311. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aax9412
Cohen, P. J., & Steenbergen, D. J. (2015). Social dimensions of local fisheries co-management in the Coral Triangle. Environmental Conservation, 42(3), 278–288. https://doi.org/10.1017/S037689291400045X
Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2018). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (5th ed.). Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications.
Day, J. C., Dudley, N., Hockings, M., Holmes, G., Laffoley, D., Stolton, S., & Wells, S. (2019). Guidelines for Applying Protected Area Management Categories including Marine Protected Areas. Gland: IUCN. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.CH.2019.PAG.21.en
Erftemeijer, P. L., Riegl, B., Hoeksema, B. W., & Todd, P. A. (2012). Environmental impacts of dredging and other sediment disturbances on corals: A review. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 64(9), 1737–1765. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2012.05.008
Folke, C., Biggs, R., Norström, A. V., Reyers, B., & Rockström, J. (2016). Social-ecological resilience and biosphere-based sustainability science. Ecology and Society, 21(3), 41. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-08748-210341
Santos, C. F., Agardy, T., Andrade, F., Calado, H., Crowder, L. B., Ehler, C. N., ... & Day, J. C. (2021). Integrating climate change in ocean planning. Nature Sustainability, 4(3), 209–216. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-020-00674-0
Giglio, V. J., Ternes, M. L. F., Mendes, T. C., Cordeiro, C. A. M., & Freire, A. S. (2020). Anchoring damages on coral reefs: A global review and management framework. Marine Policy, 118, 104005. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2020.104005
Gössling, S., Scott, D., & Hall, C. M. (2021). Pandemics, tourism and global change: A rapid assessment of COVID-19. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 29(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1758708
Gustiarani, A. (2022). Karakteristik penginapan kampung wisata Arborek, Kabupaten Raja Ampat, Provinsi Papua Barat. Jurnal Kajian Bahasa dan Pariwisata (Barista), 9(1), 45–56.
Hadiwijoyo, S. S. (2012). Perencanaan pariwisata perdesaan berbasis masyarakat. Yogyakarta: Graha Ilmu.
Hampton, M. P., & Jeyacheya, J. (2020). Ecotourism, sustainable development and local communities in Indonesia and Malaysia. World Development, 128, 104847. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2019.104847
Hawkins, J. P., Roberts, C. M., Van’t Hof, T., De Meyer, K., Tratalos, J., & Aldam, C. (1999). Effects of recreational scuba diving on Caribbean coral and fish communities. Conservation Biology, 13(4), 888–897. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.1999.97447.x
Hughes, T. P., Barnes, M. L., Bellwood, D. R., Cinner, J. E., Cumming, G. S., Jackson, J. B., ... & Scheffer, M. (2017). Coral reefs in the anthropocene. Nature, 546(7656), 82–90. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature22901
Hukom, F. D., Dirhamsyah, & Srimariana, E. S. (2018). Ikan karang di kawasan konservasi perairan Selat Dampier, Kepulauan Raja Ampat, Provinsi Papua Barat. Jurnal Penelitian Perikanan Indonesia, 24(3), 195–206.
Jones, N. A. (2021). The impact of vessel traffic on coral reef acoustic environments and benthic fauna. Marine Environmental Research, 169, 105389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2021.105389
Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan (KLHK). (2020). Peta perkembangan pengukuhan kawasan hutan provinsi Papua Barat format shapefile (SHP). Jakarta: Dirjen PKTL.
Kementerian Pariwisata dan Ekonomi Kreatif (Kemenparekraf). (2021). Profil desa wisata Arborek: Anugerah desa wisata indonesia (ADWI). Jakarta: Kemenparekraf RI.
King, C. (2017). Tourism in Raja Ampat: New chances and challenges in small island social-ecological systems. SIT Study Abroad Graduate Collection.
Krieger, J. R., & Chadwick, N. E. (2013). Recreational diving impacts and the use of pre-dive briefings as a management tool on Florida Keys coral reefs. Journal of Coastal Conservation, 17(4), 711–720. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11852-013-0270-6
Lamb, J. B., True, J. D., Piromvaragorn, S., & Willis, B. L. (2014). Scuba diving damages coral reefs: A call for better management. Biological Conservation, 178, 106–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2014.07.014
Lucrezi, S., Milanese, M., Cerrano, C., & Sarà, A. (2019). The scuba diving tourism system: A framework for collaborative management and sustainability. Marine Policy, 108, 103632. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2019.103632
MacNeil, M. A., Chapman, D. D., Heupel, M., Simpfendorfer, C. A., Heithaus, M., Meekan, M., ... & Cinner, J. E. (2019). Global status and conservation potential of reef sharks. Nature, 583(7818), 801–806. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2519-y
Mangubhai, S., Erdmann, M. V., Wilson, J. R., Huffard, C. L., Ballamu, F., Hidayat, N. I., & Syakur, A. (2012). Papuan Bird’s Head Seascape: Emerging threats and challenges in the global center of marine biodiversity. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 64(11), 2279–2295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2012.07.024
Morrison, T. H., Hughes, T. P., Adger, W. N., Brown, K., Barnett, J., & Lemos, M. C. (2019). Save reefs to rescue all ecosystems. Nature, 573(7774), 333–336. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-019-02737-8
Musa, G. (2002). Sipadan: A over-exploited scuba diving paradise? An analysis of tourism impact, diver satisfaction and carrying capacity. Tourism Management, 23(2), 195–200. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(01)00076-2
OpenStreetMap (OSM) Contributors. (2020). Geodata of infrastructure, roads and coastline for Raja Ampat archipelago. OpenStreetMap Foundation.
Ostrom, E. (2009). A general framework for analyzing sustainability of social-ecological systems. Science, 325(5939), 419–422. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1172133
Ostrom, E. (2010). Beyond markets and states: Polycentric governance of complex economic systems. American Economic Review, 100(3), 641–672. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.100.3.641
Page, C. E., Leggat, W., Heron, S. F., Choukroun, S. M., Lloyd, J., & Ainsworth, T. D. (2019). Assessing the vulnerability of coral reefs to disease: A modeling approach. Frontiers in Marine Science, 6, 458. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00458
Parris, K. M. (2016). Ecology of Urban Environments. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell.
Poonian, C. N., Davis, P. Z., & McNaughton, C. K. (2010). Impacts of recreational divers on Palauan coral reefs and options for management. Pacific Science, 64(4), 557–565. https://doi.org/10.2984/64.4.557
Republic of Indonesia. (1999). Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia nomor 41 tahun 1999 tentang Kehutanan. Jakarta: Lembaran Negara RI.
Republic of Indonesia. (2023). Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia nomor 6 tahun 2023 tentang penetapan Perppu cipta kerja Menjadi Undang-Undang. Jakarta: Lembaran Negara RI.
Republic of Indonesia. (2024). Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia nomor 32 tahun 2024 tentang konservasi sumber daya alam hayati dan ekosistemnya. Jakarta: Lembaran Negara RI.
Roche, R. C., Harvey, C. V., Harvey, J. J., Kavanagh, A. P., McDonald, M., Stein-Rostaing, V. R., & Turner, J. R. (2016). Recreational divers assert high European Union conservation value for coral reefs. Biological Conservation, 195, 23–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2015.12.038
Scheyvens, R. (1999). Ecotourism and the empowerment of local communities. Tourism Management, 20(2), 245–249. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(98)00069-7
Setyawan, E., Stevenson, B. C., Izuan, M., Constantine, R., & Erdmann, M. V. (2022). Population dynamics and residency of reef manta rays (Mobula alfredi) in the Raja Ampat archipelago. Frontiers in Marine Science, 9, 874987. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.874987
Souter, D., Planes, S., Wicquart, J., Logan, M., Obura, D., & Staub, F. (2020). Status of coral reefs of the world: 2020 report. Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network (GCRMN) and International Coral Reef Initiative (ICRI).
Spalding, M. D., Fox, H. E., Allen, G. R., Davidson, N., Ferdaña, Z. A., Finlayson, M., ... & Robertson, J. (2021). Marine ecoregions of the world: A bioregionalization of coastal and shelf areas. BioScience, 57(7), 573–583. https://doi.org/10.1641/B570707
Sterling, E. J., Pascua, P., Sigouin, A., Gazit, N., Call, N., & Jupiter, S. D. (2020). Creating a space for place and identity in conservation governance. Ecology and Society, 25(2), 25. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-11470-250225
Sumanapala, D., & Wolf, I. D. (2020). Coral reef recreational carrying capacity: A systematic quantitative literature review. Ocean & Coastal Management, 198, 105374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2020.105374
Wearing, S., & McDonald, M. (2022). The development of community-based tourism: Re-thinking the relationship between tour operators and development agents. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 30(2), 341–359. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2021.1903018
Wilson, J. R., Subarno, Mangubhai, S., & Muljadi, A. (2010). Raja Ampat marine protected area network monitoring report. Sorong: The Nature Conservancy & Conservation International.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Citation Check
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Meilia Istiqomah
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
