I-Fuel: Biodiesel innovation based on fish waste as an environmentally friendly alternative energy source

Abstract

Background: Srowo Sidayu Village has marine product processing activities in the form of bonggolan food products that generate fish waste such as bones, skins, heads, gills, and offal. This waste has not been optimally utilized, despite containing triglycerides with potential for biodiesel production. This study aims to identify the most promising types of fish waste as raw materials for biodiesel. Methods: This study employs a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) by reviewing previous research articles and relevant scientific publications, which were then analyzed descriptively and comparatively. The study also categorized fish waste based on type and anatomical part (head, skin, innards, etc.) to determine which components have the highest fat content and theoretical biodiesel potential. Selection criteria were applied to ensure that only studies reporting measurable fat content and conversion data were included in the analysis. Findings: The results show that fish waste contains varied and relatively high fat levels, particularly in the head, skin, and innards of certain fish species. With an estimated biodiesel conversion efficiency of 90%, each kilogram of fish waste can potentially produce biodiesel proportional to its fat content. Snakehead heads demonstrate the greatest potential, with an estimated yield of approximately 574 grams of biodiesel per kilogram of waste. Conclusion: All bonggolan fish waste shows potential for biodiesel production, with snakehead waste being the most promising. However, further experimental studies are required to validate these theoretical estimations. Novelty/Originality of this Article: This research synthesizes prior findings to identify fish waste types with the highest biodiesel potential and highlights the need for experimental verification of fat content, oil yield, and conversion efficiency.