Collaborative learning to increase preventive attitude of primary school children towards rabies: Potential mitigation for reducing the economic burden
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.61511/ghde.v3i1.2026.3230Keywords:
collaborative learning, economic burden, elementary children, knowledge, preventive attitude, rabiesAbstract
Background: Rabies remains a significant public health issue, causing substantial economic and social losses, with children being the most vulnerable group. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the Collaborative Learning Method in improving primary school children's preventive attitudes towards rabies risk and management, and to identify its potential impact on mitigating the economic burden. Methods: The design of this research used a quasi-experiment with pre-test and post-test. The intervention group used collaborative learning, while the control group followed the lecture method. The instrument was a structured questionnaire, validated by Pearson correlation and reliability tested with Alpha-Cronbach. Data was collected from interviewed elementary students in the Dompu and Woja sub-districts, Dompu District. The intervention group included 57 students, while the control group had 49. Pre-tests were conducted before the intervention, and post-tests were conducted three times: on the same day, one week, and one month after the intervention. The outcome data were analyzed using a chi-square test, an independent sample t-test, and Hake’s formula. Findings: The collaborative method was found to be effective (n-gain score ≥0,7) in increasing attitudes than the lecture method. This improvement in cautious attitude and proper response capability (like wound washing) driven by collaborative learning is positively linked to reducing bite incidents and the cost of Anti-Rabies Vaccine (ARV), a key burden on regional health budgets. Conclusion: This finding suggests that investing in education focused on attitude modification is an effective and economic strategy under the One Health approach for controlling rabies. Novelty/Originality of this Article: As the first in-depth study, this research applied and evaluated a specific Collaborative Learning method to modify the preventive attitudes of primary students against rabies in Dompu Regency, an endemic area in Indonesia. The findings yield a localized best-practice model for educational intervention.
References
Afriani, A. P., Prameswary, I., Sihotang, S. R., Azzahra, T. A., Azrai, E. P., & Putri, A. S. (2025). Penerapan teori belajar kolaboratif luring dalam pembelajaran kelompok di SMA melalui kajian literatur. DIAJAR: Jurnal Pendidikan dan Pembelajaran, 4(2). https://doi.org/10.54259/diajar.v4i2.2699
Angeline, G. G., Gopalakrishnan, S., & Edward, S. (2020). Knowledge regarding rabies among school children in an urban area of Kancheepuram district: A cross-sectional study. International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health, 7(8), 3178–3182. https://doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20203397
Aung, A. E. E. P., Htun, N. M. M., & Soe, P. P. (2021). Impact of health education on preventive measures of rabies among primary school teachers in Mandalay, Myanmar. International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health, 8(4), 1558–1564. https://doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20211203
Auplish, A., Clarke, A. S., Van Zanten, T., Abel, K., Tham, C., Bhutia, T. N., Wilks, C. R., Stevenson, M. A., & Firestone, S. M. (2017). Estimating the intra-cluster correlation coefficient for evaluating an educational intervention program to improve rabies awareness and dog bite prevention among children in Sikkim, India: A pilot study. Acta Tropica, 169, 62–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.12.032
Ayesha, D., Snigdha, S., Sneha, B., & Ipsa, M. (2025). Economic costs of rabies post-exposure prophylaxis and healthcare utilization patterns post animal bites: An experience from a private healthcare facility in Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, 14(6), 2201–2209. https://doi.org/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_1713_24
Boke, H., Aygun, Y., Sakir, T., Hilal, Y. F., Burak, C., Goktug, N., Pablo, P. G., & Paolo, A. L. (2025). Effects of cooperative learning on students’ learning outcomes in physical education: A meta-analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 16. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1508808
Budayanti, N. N. S. (2020). Penerapan one health pada rabies: Kasus rabies di Bali dan Dompu (1st ed.). Deepublish.
Carmo, H. R., & Machado, E. S. (2021). Cost-effectiveness of rabies control interventions in Brazil. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 15(7), e0009623. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009623
Chen, H., & Yang, Y. (2020). Multiple exposures enhance both item memory and contextual memory over time. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 565169. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.565169
Dilbato, D. T., Tibebu, M. A., Negasa, O. T., Mekonnen, A. G., Abdisa, K. K., Dejene, D. H., Bedasa, G. S., Kidane, B. M., Ayana, H. M., & Sorsa, B. M. (2025). Community knowledge, attitude, and practice, incidence of suspected cases, and epidemiological distribution of rabies in humans and animals in Southwest Shewa Zone, Oromia, Ethiopia. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2025.1448448
Dompu Regency Health Office. (2023). Monthly rabies report of Dompu Regency. Department of Animal Husbandry and Animal Health, Dompu Regency.
Fakoya, B. H., Fakoya, A. A., & Agrawal, A. (2023). Facilitating active collaborative learning in medical education: A literature review of peer instruction method. Advances in Medical Education and Practice, 14, 1087–1099. https://doi.org/10.2147/AMEP.S421400
Ghimire, R., Okech, S. G., Fahrion, A. S., Odoch, T., Matern, J., Bohnes, T., Vielle, N. J., Muturi, M., Wiethoff, J. P., Nakanjako, M. F., Lohr, F., Ung, P., Tann, C., Alubbe, S. P., Ademun, A. R., Opolot, J., Monje, F., Semanda, J. N., Akankwatsa, D., ... Hartnack, S. (2025). Strengthening intersectoral cooperation for control and integrated surveillance of rabies in Uganda: A multistakeholder engagement workshop. One Health, 21, 101206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.onehlt.2025.101206
Global Alliance for Rabies Control. (2023). How big is the problem of rabies? https://rabiesalliance.org/about/about-rabies/how-big-problem-rabies
Halim, S. A., Saimon, R., Singh, P. K. S., & Safii, R. (2021). The effectiveness of rabies hunter game application on dog bite prevention among school-aged children in southern region of Sarawak, Malaysia. Malaysian Journal of Information Systems, 33(3). https://doi.org/10.33102/uij.vol33no3.434
Hampson, K., Coudeville, L., Lembo, T., Sambo, M., Kieffer, A., Attlan, M., Barrat, J., Blanton, J. D., Briggs, D. J., Cleaveland, S., Costa, P., Freuling, C. M., Hiby, E., Knopf, L., Leanes, F., Meslin, F. X., Metlin, A., Miranda, M. E., Müller, T., ... Global Alliance for Rabies Control Partners for Rabies Prevention. (2015). Estimating the global burden of endemic canine rabies. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 9(4), e0003709. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0003709
Hamidah, H. H., Rabbani, T. A. S., Fauziah, S., Puspita, R. A., Gasalba, R. A., & Nirwansyah. (2020). HOTS-oriented module: Project-based learning (1st ed.). SEAMEO QITEP.
Hanna, A. M., El-Sayed, H. R., & Mosa, S. T. (2023). Evaluation of the knowledge, attitudes, and resulting behavior changes in response to COVID-19 among students at the College of Applied Medical Sciences (CAMS). Frontiers in Public Health, 11, 1073868. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1073868
Hardianti, N., Sudarnika, E., & Lukman, D. W. (2025). Implementation of collaborative learning to improve knowledge about rabies among students at elementary school in Dompu, West Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia. International Journal of Agriculture and Biosciences, 14(2), 301–307. https://doi.org/10.47278/journal.ijab/2025.004
Hardianti, N., Sudarnika, E., & Lukman, D. W. (2025). Penerapan metode pembelajaran kolaboratif dalam pengendalian rabies pada anak sekolah dasar di Dompu, Nusa Tenggara Barat (Unpublished master's thesis). School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, IPB University.
Harris, A. D., McGregor, J. C., Perencevich, E. N., Furuno, J. P., Zhu, J., Peterson, D. E., & Finkelstein, J. (2006). The use and interpretation of quasi-experimental studies in medical informatics. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, 13(1), 16–23. https://doi.org/10.1197/jamia.M1749
Hasan, S. (2021). Telaah perkembangan kognitif anak madrasah ibtidaiyah pada masa pandemi. Education and Learning Journal, 2(2), 93–100. https://doi.org/10.33096/eljour.v2i2.130
Janeaim, N., Suwanwong, C., Prasittichok, P., Mohan, K. P., & Hudrudchai, S. (2024). Effectiveness of educational interventions for improving rabies prevention in children: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Education and Health Promotion, 13, 497. https://doi.org/10.4103/jehp.jehp_238_24
Kanda, K., Obayashi, Y., Jayasinghe, A., Gunawardena, G. S. P. S., Delpitiya, N. Y., Priyadarshani, N. G. W., Gamage, C. D., Arai, A., & Tamashiro, H. (2015). Outcomes of a school-based intervention on rabies prevention among school children in rural Sri Lanka. International Health, 7, 348–353. https://doi.org/10.1093/inthealth/ihu098
Kondrotienė, E., Bakanauskas, A. P., & Jezukevičienė, E. (2024). Evaluating cognitive factors of attitude formation: The impact of the consumer's level of education on the formation of attitudes towards health behaviour. Scientific Annals of Economics and Business, 71(1), 91–106. https://doi.org/10.47743/saeb-2024-0004
Kouhsarian, M., Ghoorchaei, B., Mazandarani, O., & Shomoossi, N. (2023). How collaborative learning impacts motivation and vocabulary learning: The case of Iranian high school learners. Research in English Language Pedagogy, 11(2), 138–150. https://doi.org/10.30486/RELP.2023.1979883.1438
Kustiningsih, H., Sudarnika, E., Basri, C., & Sudarwanto, M. B. (2023). Pedoman pelatihan bagi petugas lapang: Training of trainers pemberdayaan peternak dalam mendukung program surveilans dan pengendalian bruselosis. IPB Press.
Lachica, Z. P. T., Ang, J. D. G., Dy, P. D. L., Arrieta, C. Y. T., Ong, A. R., Mata, M. A. E., & Alviola IV, P. A. (2021). School-based information and education campaign (IEC) program and knowledge gain of student participants on rabies in a private school in Davao City, Philippines. Philippine Journal of Science, 150(5), 887–899. http://philjournalsci.dost.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/school_based_information_and_education_campaign_program_.pdf
Laorujisawat, M., Wattanaburanon, A., Abdullakasim, P., & Maharachpong, N. (2022). Rabies-related knowledge, attitudes, and practices among primary school students in Chonburi Province, Thailand. Inquiry, 59, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1177/00469580221087881
Li, D., Liu, Q., Chen, F., Jiang, Q., Wang, T., Yin, X., Lu, Z., & Cao, S. (2021). Knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding rabies and its prevention and control among bite victims by suspected rabid animals in China. One Health, 13, 100264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.onehlt.2021.100264
Li, X., Li, X., Shi, Y., & Li, M. (2021). The influence of environmental education on college students' environmental attitudes in China: An extended KAB model analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(21), 11218. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111218
Lungten, L., Rinchen, S., Tenzin, T., Phimpraphai, W., & de Garine-Wichatitsky, M. (2021). Knowledge and perception of rabies among school children in rabies endemic areas of South Bhutan. Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease, 6(1), 28. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed6010028
Manoharan, A., Chellaiyan, V. G., & Madhusudan, M. (2023). Effect of educational intervention on the knowledge of rabies among medical school students of Chennai. Journal of Education and Health Promotion, 12, 208. https://doi.org/10.4103/jehp.jehp_161_19
Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia. (2023). Guidelines for implementing student-centered learning. Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia.
Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia. (2023, June 2). By April 2023, there were 11 rabies-related deaths; seek medical care immediately after dog bites. https://sehatnegeriku.kemkes.go.id/baca/rilis-media/20230602/3343156/hingga-april-2023-ada-11-kasus-kematian-karena-rabies-segera-ke-faskes-jika-digigit-anjing
Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Indonesia. (2019). National master plan for rabies eradication in Indonesia (1st ed.). Ministry of Agriculture.
Mustiana, A., Toribio, J. A. L. M. L., Abdurrahman, M., Suadnya, I. W., Hernandez-Jover, M., Putra, A. A. G., & Ward, M. P. (2015). Owned and unowned dog population estimation, dog management and dog bites to inform rabies prevention and response on Lombok Island, Indonesia. PLoS ONE, 10(5), e0124092. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0124092
Nguyen, T. N. T., & Oanh, D. T. K. (2025). Cooperative learning and its influences on student engagement. Cogent Education, 12, Article 2513414. https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2025.2513414
Nisa, A. K., Wahyuni, D., Wahyuni, S., Firdha, Y., & Rizka, E. F. (2022). Development of SETS-based science e-module to improve critical thinking skills of Grade VIII students on additive and addictive substances material. Jurnal Pendidikan, Biologi dan Terapan, 7(2), 7–20. https://doi.org/10.33503/ebio.v7i02.2004
Nurjumatun, Pribadi, E. S., & Poetri, O. N. (2022). Titik masuk hewan pembawa rabies yang berisiko tinggi di Kabupaten Sumbawa dan Dompu, Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Barat. Jurnal Veteriner, 23(3), 380–390. https://doi.org/10.19087/jveteriner.2022.23.3.380
Petrie, A., & Watson, P. (2013). Statistics for veterinary and animal science (3rd ed.). Wiley.
Putra, A. A. G., Hampson, K., Girardi, J., Hiby, E., & Knobel, D. (2013). Response to a rabies epidemic, Bali, Indonesia. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 19(4), 648–651. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1904.120380
Ranaweera, D., Perera, S., Marasinghe, M., Kularatne, S., & Guntupalli, K. (2021). Cost-effectiveness of switching to intradermal regimen for rabies post-exposure prophylaxis in resource-limited settings. Vaccine, 39(15), 2118–2126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.03.003
Sarifah, N., & Hanif, M. (2025). Efektivitas pembelajaran kolaboratif dalam meningkatkan interaksi sosial di kelas: Pembelajaran kolaboratif. Jurnal Inovasi Pendidikan dan Ilmu Sosial, 3(1). https://ejournal.uniramalang.ac.id/jipsos/article/view/5988
Selleck, M., Koppes, P., Jareb, C., Shwiff, S., Liu, L., & Shwiff, S. A. (2025). The economic landscape of global rabies: A scoping review and future directions. Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease, 10(8), 222. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed10080222
Suherman, D. A., Sudarnika, E., & Purnawarman, T. (2023). Antibiotic resistance: A cross-sectional study on the characteristics, knowledge, attitudes, and practices of dairy farmers' cooperative in North Cianjur (KPSCU), Cianjur District, Indonesia. Veterinary World, 16(8), 1736–1746. https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2023.1736-1746
Swedberg, C., Mazeri, S., Mellanby, R. J., Hampson, K., & Chng, N. R. (2022). Implementing a One Health approach to rabies surveillance: Lessons from integrated bite case management. Frontiers in Tropical Diseases, 3, 829132. https://doi.org/10.3389/fitd.2022.829132
Thichumpa, W., Wiratsudakul, A., Lawpoolsri, S., Limpanont, Y., Thanapongtharm, W., Smith, L. M., Maneewong, S., & Pan-Ngum, W. (2025). Optimizing dog population control strategies in Thailand using mathematical and economic modeling. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 19(7), e0013202. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0013202
Utomo, S. S., Sudarnika, E., & Lukman, D. W. (2018). Pengembangan metode promosi kesehatan tentang rabies untuk peningkatan pengetahuan siswa sekolah dasar. Jurnal Penyuluhan, 14(2), 234–243. https://doi.org/10.25015/penyuluhan.v14i1.17313
Wicaksono, A., Sudarnika, E., & Basri, C. (2017). Influencing factors in biosecurity practices of traders at the bird market in the DKI Jakarta area related to avian influenza. Jurnal Sains Veteriner, 35(2), 269–278. https://doi.org/10.2991/isessah-19.2019.7
World Health Organization. (2024). Rabies. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/rabies
Wu, H., Chen, J., Zou, L., Zheng, L., Zhang, W., Meng, Z., Magalhães, R. J. S., Wang, Y., Kang, J., & Sun, X. (2016). Community-based interventions to enhance knowledge, protective attitudes, and behaviours towards canine rabies: Results from a health communication intervention study in Guangxi, China. BMC Infectious Diseases, 16, 701. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-016-2037-6
Xie, H., & Deng, S. (2023). Drawing as a strategy for children to learn ancient Chinese poetry. Acta Psychologica, 240, 104039. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2023.104039
Xin, L., Ying, J., Hongwei, Z., Xianan, Z., & Lijing, X. (2022). The effects of a health education curriculum on the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of primary school students in Beijing, China toward health-related themes: A cluster randomised control trial. Asia Pacific Journal of Management. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2190275/v1
Yang, X. (2023). A historical review of collaborative learning and cooperative learning. TechTrends, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11528-022-00823-9
Zhang, L., & Ma, Y. (2023). A study of the impact of project-based learning on student learning effects: A meta-analysis study. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, 1202728. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1202728
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
Citation Check
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Nurul Hardianti, Etih Sudarnika & Denny Widaya Lukman
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
