Condition drivers and challenges for implementing rainwater harvesting: Insights from Bangladesh, Ethiopia, and Indonesia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.61511/crsusf.v2i2.2047Keywords:
excessive groundwater, limited piping water, RWH, SDG 6, water scarcityAbstract
Background: The limited availability of water complicates the realization of the universal right to clean and safe drinking water. Rain Water Harvesting (RWH) is a time-tested sustainable rainwater management practice that provides numerous benefits. This research aims to address the practical knowledge gap and establish a comparative framework for analyzing the conditions, drivers, and critical challenges of RWH implementation in Bangladesh, Ethiopia, and Indonesia, with the objectives of improving water supply and reducing groundwater extraction in the residential sector. Methods: A systematic literature review was conducted, focusing on journal articles, conference papers, and reviews indexed in Scopus. Findings: The drivers affecting RWH implementation at the research sites such as water source scarcity, seawater intrusion in coastal areas, excessive groundwater extraction, contamination from arsenic and iodine, and droughts exacerbated by climate change. Innovations such as automated first-flush RWH technology, GAMA-Rainfilter, modular RWH systems, and roadwater harvesting have been developed to enhance water supply and mitigate groundwater extraction. Critical challenges in RWH implementation include unpredictable rainy days, assurance of rainwater quality, limited technology to enhance health standards for rainwater, difficulties in scaling up and installing systems for uneducated and poor people, affordability issues, lack of incentives, insufficient institutional and governance support, low acceptance levels, and inadequate regulation and enforcement. Conclusion: A comparative analysis of Bangladesh, Ethiopia, and Indonesia indicates that the success of RWH implementation depends not only on rainfall availability but also on intricate interactions among technical, economic, social, and institutional factors. Novelty/Originality of this article: This research provides a comprehensive approach to analyzing the drivers and challenges of RWH implementation in countries with diverse geographical and socioeconomic contexts, incorporating five dimensions to enhance understanding of the factors influencing the success of RWH initiatives.
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