Recent advancements of carbazoles synthesis: Towards the green synthesis approach
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.61511/eam.v3i2.2025.1979Keywords:
carbazoles, environment, green synthesis, natural productsAbstract
Background: The importance of carbazoles synthesis had been a motive to study deeper about the synthesis of carbazoles. For the development of carbazoles synthesis, a green synthesis approach became an important aspect that needed to be improved. The sustainable synthesis of carbazoles also plays a role in the reducing the hazardous impact to the environment. Methods: This carbazoles synthesis review was based on the generation of A or B ring in the carbazole molecules that analyzed by retrosynthetic analysis, updating several works from the past 10 years and highlighting the green synthesis approaches of carbazoles. Findings: Some of the green synthesis approaches were reported by the utilization of a green energy sources, mild solvents, and low catalysts loading that were used in the reaction. Non-toxic and non-hazardous material were also preferable to maintain the sustainability of this reaction. These currently developed approaches were inevitably encountered by several limitations, including lower yields and reactivities. Conclusion: Some of the reviews provides an improvement of the results, providing a broad substrate scopes with the moderate-to-good yield using a green synthesis approach. Novelty/Originality of this article: This review were focusing on the development of a green synthesis approach of carbazoles, which never reported in any review before.
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