Rainwater as an alternative to saving urban clean water which has economic value: Interaction human and conservation
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.61511/jssew.v2i2.2025.1279Keywords:
rainwater harvesting system, economic value, clean water, rainwaterAbstract
Background: Rainwater Harvesting System (RHS) is an alternative solution that can overcome the problem of demand of urban water with high population density and as a prevention of potential flooding due to lack of catchment areas. Central Jakarta's high population density triggers a large demand for clean water, causing excessive groundwater exploitation and a long impact on groundwater scarcity and seawater intrusion. The implementation of RHS in Indonesia is still relatively rare, especially in Jakarta. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to planning RHS design as an alternative to meet the urban water demands. This research innovates on RHS designs based on water demands and aspects of the feasibility in economics. Methods: This research was conducted quantitatively and data collection was carried out by mix method, the number of occupants data was collected through observation and literature review of previous RHS research. The analysis of RHS is carried out mathematics and descriptive. Findings: The result showed that the implementation of RHS at X Boarding House succeeded in saving clean water bills by up to 58% with benefit value of IDR 8,093,176. This shows that the RHS is an effective solution in reducing water costs for PDAM bills. The design of the RHS uses roof as catchment area and the tank system is placed above ground taking into ease of operation and maintenance. Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR) analysis shows that the RHS at X Boarding House is feasible to be built with a value of 1,388>1 which shows that the value of the benefits exceeds the costs. Conclusion The importance of using rainwater as an alternative to saving clean water by economic value shows that RHS can be an alternative solution to overcome problems, especially water availability during the dry season when the supply of clean water is decreasing. Novelty/Originality of this article: This research makes a novel contribution by presenting an RHS design tailored to urban water demand and its economic feasibility, as well as considering operational aspects under Jakarta's unique climatic and environmental conditions.
References
[BNPB] Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Bencana/National Disaster Management Agency. (2023). Long Drought Potential in 2023, BNPB Prepares Prevention Strategy: https://bnpb.go.id/berita/potensi-kemarau-panjang-pada-2023-bnpb-siapkan-strategi-pencegahan-karhutla-). Retrivied April 13, 2023.
Ali, S., & Sang, Y. F. (2023). Implementing rainwater harvesting systems as a novel approach for saving water and energy in flat urban areas. Sustainable Cities and Society, 89(August 2022), 104304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2022.104304
Almeida, A. P., Liberalesso, T., Silva, C. M., & Sousa, V. (2023). Combining green roofs and rainwater harvesting systems in university buildings under different climate conditions. Science of The Total Environment, 887(December 2022), 163719. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163719
Alsulaili, A., Alkandari, M., & Buqammaz, A. (2022). Assessing the impacts of meteorological factors on freshwater consumption in arid regions and forecasting the freshwater demand. Environmental Technology & Innovation, 25, 102099. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2021.102099
Bashar, M. Z. I., Karim, M. R, Imteaz, M. A. (2018). Reliability and economic analysis of urban rainwater harvesting: A comparative study within six major cities of Bangladesh, Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 133, 146-154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2018.01.025
BPS Kota Jakarta Pusat. (2022). Central Jakarta City in Numbers, https://jakpuskota.bps.go.id/publication/2022/02/25/c609651e46568d34090e4022/kota-jakarta-pusat-dalam-angka-2022.html)
BPS Provinsi DKI Jakarta. (2023). Rainfall at Kemayoran Station by Month (mm). https://jakarta.bps.go.id/indicator/151/373/1/curah-hujan-di-stasiun-kemayoran-menurut-bulan.html)
Coombes, P. J., Smit, M., & MacDonald, G. (2016). Resolving boundary conditions in economic analysis of distributed solutions for water cycle management. Australian Journal of Water Resources, 20(1), 11–29. https://doi.org/10.1080/13241583.2016.1162762
Custódio, D. A., & Ghisi, E. (2023). Impact of residential rainwater harvesting on stormwater runoff. Journal of Environmental Management, 326(November 2022), 116814. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116814
Damayanti, A., Mulki, G. Z., & Ayuningtyas, R. A. (2018). Analysis of domestic clean water needs in Kedamin Darat Village and Kedamin Hilir Village. Muara Journal of Science, Technology, Medical and Health Sciences, 2(1), 1–11. https://jurnal.untan.ac.id/index.php/JMHMS/article/view/27594/75676577916
Furtak, K., & Wolińska, A. (2023). The impact of extreme weather events as a consequence of climate change on the soil moisture and on the quality of the soil environment and agriculture – A review. Catena, 23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2023.107378
Geraldi, M. S., Ghisi, E. Influence of the length of rainfall time series on rainwater harvesting systems: A case study in Berlin. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 125, 169-180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2017.06.011
Ismahyanti, F., Saleh, R., & Maulana, A. (2021). Planning the Utilization of Rainwater Harvesting System (PAH) in supporting the implementation of ecodrain on campus B of State University of Jakarta. Tower: Journal of Civil Engineering, 16(1), 18–25. https://doi.org/10.21009/jmenara.v16i1.19328
Istachuk, R. N., & Ghisi, E. (2022). Influence of rainfall time series indicators on the performance of residential rainwater harvesting systems. Journal of Environmental Management, 323. 116163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116163
Joleha, Mulyadi, A., Wawan, & Suprayogi, I. (2019). Application of Rainwater Harvesting Technology to Supply Sustainable Domestic Water. International Journal of Electrical, Energy and Power System Engineering, 2(1), 10–14. https://doi.org/10.31258/ijeepse.2.1.10-14
Kim, J. E., Teh, E. X., Humphrey, D., & Hofman, J. (2021). Optimal storage sizing for indoor arena rainwater harvesting: Hydraulic simulation and economic assessment. Journal of Environmental Management, 280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111847
Lebek, K., & Krueger, T. (2023). Conventional and makeshift rainwater harvesting in rural South Africa: exploring determinants for rainwater harvesting mode. International Journal of Water Resources Development, 39(1), 113–132. https://doi.org/10.1080/07900627.2021.1983778
Lestari, E., Pranoto, W., & Makarim, C. A. (2020). Utilization of rainwater harvesting installation to fulfil water needs in educational buildings. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 852, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/852/1/012054
Musa, S. M. S., Mostaffa, M. F., Manap, N., Yassin, A. M., & Zainal, R. (2022). Small Scale Rainwater Harvesting Design for External Usage. Environment and Ecology Research, 10(2), 267–274. https://doi.org/10.13189/eer.2022.100216
Odhiambo, K. O., Iro Ong’Or, B. T., & Kanda, E. K. (2021). Optimization of rainwater harvesting system design for smallholder irrigation farmers in Kenya: A review. Aqua Water Infrastructure, Ecosystems and Society, 70(4), 483–492. https://doi.org/10.2166/aqua.2021.087
Sahana, M. I., & Waspodo, R. S. B. (2020). Mapping of Seawater Intrusion into Coastal Aquifer: A Case Study of Pekalongan Coastal Area in Central Java, Journal of The Civil Engineering Forum, 6(2), 183-182. https://doi.org/10.22146/jcef.53736
Savelli, E., Mazzoleni, M., Baldassarre, G. Di, Cloke, H., & Rusca, M. (2023). Urban water crises driven by elites’ unsustainable consumption. Nature Sustainability. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-023-01100-0
Society, T. H. E. N. (1941). Proceedings Of The Nutrition Society. British Medical Journal, 2(4214), 516. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.2.4214.516
Susilo, G. E., & Prayogo, T. B. (2019). Rainwater Harvesting As an Alternative Source of Domestic Water in Lampung Province - Indonesia. Tataloka, 21(2), 305. https://doi.org/10.14710/tataloka.21.2.305-313
Taftazani, R., Kazama, S., Takizawa, S. (2020). Spatial Analysis of Groundwater Abstraction and Land Subsidence for Planning the Piped Water Supply in Jakarta, Indonesia. Water, 14(20). https://doi.org/10.3390/w14203197
Tsanov, E., Valchev, D., Ribarova, I., & Dimova, G. (2024). Quality of Harvested Rainwater from a Green and a Bitumen Roof in an Air Polluted Region. Civil Engineering Journal, 10(5). https://doi.org/10.28991/CEJ-2024-010-05-015
Yasa, I. W., Sulistiyono, H., Saadi, Y., & Hartana, H. (2022). Spatial Climate Forecasting for Climatology Disaster Mitigation. Environment and Ecology Research, 10(6), 786–796. https://doi.org/10.13189/eer.2022.100613
Zabidi, H. A., Goh, H. W., Chang, C. K., Chan, N. W., & Zakaria, N. A. (2020). A review of roof and pond rainwater harvesting systems for water security: The design, performance and way forward. Water (Switzerland), 12(11), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12113163
Zhang, S., Zhang, J., Jing, X., Wang, Y., Wang, Y., & Yue, T., (2018). Water saving efficiency and reliability of rainwater harvesting systems in the context of climate change. Journal of Cleaner Production, 196, 1341-1355. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.06.133
Zhang, S., Zhang, J., Xue, T, & Yue, T. (2019). Impacts of climate change on urban rainwater harvesting systems. Science of The Total Environment, 665, 262-274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.135
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Citation Check
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Edison Reinkarnasi Gulo, Annisa Fitri Mustafa
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
