Modal shift behavior towards bus rapid transit in Indonesia: A systematic literature review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.61511/jpstd.v4i1.2026.3868Keywords:
bus rapid transit, Indonesia, modal shift, public transportationAbstract
Background: Commuting is a prevalent activity for Indonesian people. People commute for various activities, but most of them choose to use their private vehicles in their daily mobility, inferring that the willingness to choose public transportation is still low. The huge reliance on private vehicles has various impacts, such as creating heavier traffic congestion and worsening the air pollution. Hence, modal shift behavior of the passengers from private vehicles to public transport is essential. This study aims to analyze the research trends and development of modal shift behavior towards Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) systems in Indonesia and synthesize the main influencing factors. Methods: This quantitatively synthesized study applies a systematic literature review where the articles published in relevant academic databases from 2004 to 2026 were collected and went through identification, screening, eligibility, and inclusion based on the PRISMA framework. The 251 selected articles were analyzed and reveal that BRT has been able to support the commuters to shift towards public transportation. Findings: The bibliometric analysis using Bibliometrix and VOSviewer software and further systematic content analysis were employed. Some studies also used the theory of planned behavior (TPB) as their approach. Several key factors influencing the modal shift behavior of the passengers are time travel, accessibility, service quality, and cost efficiency. Therefore, BRT has significant potential to increase the use of public transportation in Indonesia and the modal shift behavior of the commuters. Conclusion: Future study is recommended to explore the modal shift behavior towards other types of public transportation and analyze the environmental impacts of public transportation in Indonesia. Novelty/Originality of this article: This review contributes in providing a comprehensive synthesis of the relevant research in supporting the policy makers in designing strategies to optimize the use of BRT as well as in developing better sustainable transportation in urban cities across Indonesia.
References
Aghisna, A., Rakhmatulloh, A. R., Dewi, D. I. K., & Wahyono, H. (2025). Cashless transit payments in a developing city: Yogyakarta's BRT and technology integration. International Journal on Advanced Science, Engineering & Information Technology, 15(3). https://doi.org/10.18517/ijaseit.15.3.20698
Ali, N., Nakayama, S., & Yamaguchi, H. (2023). Using the extensions of the theory of planned behavior (TPB) for behavioral intentions to use public transport (PT) in Kanazawa, Japan. Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives, 17, 100742. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trip.2022.100742
Aria, M., & Cuccurullo, C. (2017). bibliometrix: An R-tool for comprehensive science mapping analysis. Journal of Informetrics, 11(4), 959–975. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joi.2017.08.007
Arun, G. C. (2023). Utility of sacrifices: Reorientation of the utility theory. Review of Business and Economics Studies, 11(2), 67–72. https://doi.org/10.26794/2308-944X-2023-11-2-67-72
Barabino, B., Casari, C., Demontis, R., Lai, C., Mozzoni, S., Pintus, A., & Tilocca, P. (2014). A web platform for user-oriented reliability diagnosis in bus transit services. In 21th ITS World Congress—Reinventing Transportation in Our Connected World (pp. 1–12).
Benita, F. (2023). Exploring non-mandatory travel behavior in Jakarta City: Travel time, trip frequency, and socio-demographic influences. Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives, 21, 100896. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trip.2023.100896
Bouraima, M. B., Tengecha, N. A., Stević, Ž., Simić, V., & Qiu, Y. (2023). An integrated fuzzy MCDM model for prioritizing strategies for successful implementation and operation of the bus rapid transit system. Annals of Operations Research, 342(1), 141–172. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10479-023-05183-y
Chiu, B.-Y. (2022). Does the bus rapid transit reduce motorcycle use? Evidence from the Jakarta metropolitan area, Indonesia. Case Studies on Transport Policy, 10(3), 1767–1774. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cstp.2022.07.007
Deng, T., & Nelson, J. D. (2011). Recent developments in bus rapid transit: A review of the literature. Transport Reviews, 31(1), 69–96. https://doi.org/10.1080/01441647.2010.492455
El Amrani, A. M., Fri, M., Benmoussa, O., & Rouky, N. (2024). The integration of urban freight in public transportation: A systematic literature review. Sustainability, 16(13), 5286. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16135286
Ernst, J. P., & Sutomo, H. (2010). BRT’s influence on public transport improvements in Indonesian cities. Built Environment, 36(3), 344–352. https://doi.org/10.2148/benv.36.3.344
Fathoni, S., & Widyastuti, H. (2025). Analyzing the influence of accessibility and user factors on mode choice for daily commuters. Research Horizon, 5(4), 1153–1164. https://doi.org/10.54518/rh.5.4.2025.741
Fattah, M. A., Morshed, S. R., & Kafy, A. Al. (2022). Insights into the socio-economic impacts of traffic congestion in the port and industrial areas of Chittagong City, Bangladesh. Transportation Engineering, 9, 100122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.treng.2022.100122
Guleria, D., & Kaur, G. (2021). Bibliometric analysis of ecopreneurship using VOSviewer and RStudio Bibliometrix, 1989–2019. Library Hi Tech, 39(4), 1001–1024. https://doi.org/10.1108/LHT-09-2020-0218
Halyal, S., & Mulangi, R. H. (2026). Investigating travel time variability and reliability of a bus rapid transit system: A case study using ITS-based AVL and APC data. Innovative Infrastructure Solutions, 11(5). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41062-026-02648-4
Harzing, A. W., & Alakangas, S. (2016). Google Scholar, Scopus and the Web of Science: A longitudinal and cross-disciplinary comparison. Scientometrics, 106(2), 787–804. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-015-1798-9
Hidalgo, D., & Graftieaux, P. (2008). Bus rapid transit systems in Latin America and Asia: Results and difficulties in 11 cities. Transportation Research Record, 2072(1), 77–88. https://doi.org/10.3141/2072-09
Hu, S., Weng, J., Zhou, W., Lin, P., & Liu, Z. (2019). A data-fusion-based method for identifying individual passenger travel dependence on public transportation. In 2019 IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Conference (ITSC) (pp. 2669–2674). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/ITSC.2019.8917147
Ingvardson, J. B., & Nielsen, O. A. (2018). Effects of new bus and rail rapid transit systems: An international review. Transport Reviews, 38(1), 96–116. https://doi.org/10.1080/01441647.2017.1301594
Irawan, M. Z., Bastarianto, F. F., Rizki, M., Belgiawan, P. F., & Joewono, T. B. (2021). Exploring the frequency of public transport use among adolescents: A study in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. International Journal of Sustainable Transportation, 16(11), 978–988. https://doi.org/10.1080/15568318.2021.1959682
Joewono, T. B., Wirayat, M. Y. F., Belgiawan, P. F., Andani, I. G. A., & Gunawijaya, C. (2023). Users’ preferences in selecting transportation modes for leisure trips in the digital era: Evidence from Bandung, Indonesia. Sustainability, 15(3), 2503. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15032503
Kaewkluengklom, R., Satiennam, W., Jaensirisak, S., & Satiennam, T. (2017). Influence of psychological factors on mode choice behaviours: Case study of BRT in Khon Kaen City, Thailand. Transportation Research Procedia, 25, 5072–5082. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2017.05.213
Kumar, R., & Electricwala, F. (2014). Impact of proposed modal shift from private users to bus rapid transit system: An Indian city case study. International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications, 8(6), 650–654. https://scholarly.org/pdf/display/impact-of-proposed-modal-shift-from-private-users-to-bus-rapid-transit-system-an-indian-city-case-study
Lámbarry Vilchis, F., Rivas Tovar, L. A., & Trujillo Flores, M. M. (2013). Development of a scale for measuring the perception of service quality in the systems of bus rapid transit (BRT) from the Metrobus of Mexico City. Innovar, 23(50), 79–92. http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?pid=S0121-50512013000400007&script=sci_abstract&tlng=en
Li, X., Yuan, Y., Wang, H., & Hu, J. (2020). Understanding public acceptability of congestion charging in Beijing. Journal of Transportation Engineering, Part A: Systems, 146(8). https://doi.org/10.1061/JTEPBS.0000394
Liu, J., & Guo, T. (2015). Utility and weight of factors of bus transit’s service quality analysis in Nanjing. Journal of Harbin Institute of Technology (New Series), 22(3), 115–122. https://doi.org/10.11916/j.issn.1005-9113.2015.03.017
Lulusi, L., Sugiarto, S., Anggraini, R., Apriandy, F., Fadhurrozi, A., Rusdi, M., & Basrin, D. (2021). Travel cost budget and ability of urban bus users to pay considering the income classes in Indonesia. Transactions on Transport Sciences, 12(1), 19–24. https://doi.org/10.5507/tots.2021.006
Muryanti, M., Candraningratri, E. W., Mukaromah, H., & Putri, E. P. (2025). Persepsi pengguna layanan Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) TransJakarta, Batik Trans Solo, dan Trans Jogja. Jurnal Sosiologi USK (Media Pemikiran & Aplikasi), 19(1), 103–115. https://doi.org/10.24815/jsu.v19i1.45593
Nguyen, M. H. (2021). Evaluating the service quality of the first Bus Rapid Transit corridor in Hanoi City and policy implications. In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering (Vol. 108, pp. 98–123). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-60269-7_6
Nikolaou, P., & Basbas, S. (2023). Urban development and transportation: Investigating spatial performance indicators of 12 European Union coastal regions. Land, 12(9), 1757. https://doi.org/10.3390/land12091757
Nurhidayat, A. Y., Utami, A., & Upahita, D. P. (2025). The impact of congestion pricing on public transport utilization in Jakarta, Indonesia. Evergreen, 12(4), 2058–2069. https://doi.org/10.5109/7402637
Nurramadhani, A., Riandi, R., Permanasari, A., & Suwarma, I. R. (2024). Low-carbon food consumption for solving climate change mitigation: Literature review with bibliometric and simple calculation application for cultivating sustainability consciousness in facing Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Indonesian Journal of Science and Technology, 9(2), 261–268. https://doi.org/10.17509/ijost.v9i1.67302
Oanh, L. T. T., Hanh, H. T., Phuong, L. T. M., & Nhung, P. T. H. (2026). Using VOSviewer software in collecting materials of overview research. Veredas Do Direito, 23(1), e233958. https://doi.org/10.18623/rvd.v23.n1.3958
Ofremu, G. O., Raimi, B. Y., Yusuf, S. O., Dziwornu, B. A., Nnabuife, S. G., Eze, A. M., & Nnajiofor, C. A. (2025). Exploring the relationship between climate change, air pollutants and human health: Impacts, adaptation, and mitigation strategies. Green Energy and Resources, 3(2), 100074. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gerr.2024.100074
Page, M. J., McKenzie, J. E., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D., Shamseer, L., Tetzlaff, J. M., Akl, E. A., Brennan, S. E., Chou, R., Glanville, J., Grimshaw, J. M., Hróbjartsson, A., Lalu, M. M., Li, T., Loder, E. W., Mayo-Wilson, E., McDonald, S., & Moher, D. (2021). The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ, 372, n71. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n71
Popay, J., Roberts, H., Sowden, A., Petticrew, M., Arai, L., Rodgers, M., Britten, N., Roen, K., & Duffy, S. (2006). Guidance on the conduct of narrative synthesis in systematic reviews: A product from the ESRC Methods Programme. https://doi.org/10.13140/2.1.1018.4643
Prayogi, L., & Satwikasari, A. F. (2019). Bus rapid transit-oriented development: An identification of bus rapid transit system passengers’ modal shift potential considerations. CSID Journal of Infrastructure Development, 2(1), 127–136. https://doi.org/10.32783/csid-jid.v2i1.51
Rethlefsen, M. L., & Page, M. J. (2022). PRISMA 2020 and PRISMA-S: Common questions on tracking records and the flow diagram. Journal of the Medical Library Association, 110(2), 253–257. https://doi.org/10.5195/jmla.2022.1449
Rifai, A. I., Putra, M. G. D., Isradi, M., Mufhidin, A., & Prasetijo, J. (2022). Evaluation of selection of public transport mode corridor Blok M–Bundaran Hotel Indonesia in the new normal era with stated preference. IJEBD International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Business Development, 5(4), 792–805. https://doi.org/10.29138/ijebd.v5i4.1916
Risdiyanto, Munawar, A., Irawan, M. Z., Fauziah, M., & Belgiawan, P. F. (2022). Why do students choose buses over private motorcycles and motorcycle-based ride-sourcing? A hybrid choice approach. Sustainability, 14(9), 4959. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14094959
Romadlon, F. (2021). Layanan Bus Rapid Transit Purwokerto–Purbalingga pada pengguna wanita menuju kesiapan dimensi smart mobility. Warta Penelitian Perhubungan, 33(1), 29–38. https://doi.org/10.25104/warlit.v33i1.1480
Roy, S., Bailey, A., & van Noorloos, F. (2025). The affects and emotions of everyday commutes in Kolkata: Shaping women’s public transport mobility. Mobilities, 20(1), 125–142. https://doi.org/10.1080/17450101.2024.2389843
Salameh, L., & Jawad, D. (2019). The role of psychology and habit in the choice making process of car users: The case of Lebanon. In International Conference on Transportation and Development 2019: Smarter and safer mobility and cities—Selected papers from the International Conference on Transportation and Development 2019 (pp. 187–198). https://doi.org/10.1061/9780784482575.019
Saif, M. A., Zefreh, M. M., & Torok, A. (2019). Public transport accessibility: A literature review. Periodica Polytechnica Transportation Engineering, 47(1), 36–43. https://doi.org/10.3311/PPtr.12072
Sari, C., Handajani, M., & Basuki, Y. (2025). Does income influence first-mile–last-mile? A study of access and egress of commuter rail transit ridership travel mode choice. International Journal of Transport Development and Integration, 9(2), 259–269. https://doi.org/10.18280/ijtdi.090205
Sarjana, S. (2021). Perspektif urban public transportation dalam kajian meta-analysis. Media Komunikasi Teknik Sipil, 27(2), 277–287. https://doi.org/10.14710/mkts.v27i2.40635
Sekyere, C. K. K., Odoi-Yorke, F., Baah, B., Oppon, J. A., Agbenorhevi, A. E., & Atepor, L. (2025). Mapping urban climate change research: Insights from 20 years of global research trends, thematic evolution, and future perspectives. Nature-Based Solutions, 8, 100271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nbsj.2025.100271
Sheng, L., & Zhang, L. (2022). Understanding the determinants for predicting citizens’ travel mode change from private cars to public transport in China. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 1007949. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1007949
Simangunsong, R. E. E., Rakhmatulloh, A. R., Dewi, D. I. K., Adrie, F. M., & Nugraheni, D. M. K. (2023). Passengers’ perceptions of the service quality and operation of a bus rapid transit system (Trans Semarang) in Semarang, Indonesia. Transport Problems, 18(1), 143–156. https://doi.org/10.20858/TP.2023.18.1.12
Sofa, G. Z., Hanum, S. F., Kurniawati, P., Azzahra, E. S., Ilham, F. F., & Warlina, L. (2024). The impact of activity density on the increase in air pollution in Bandung City Square. Journal of Engineering Science and Technology, 19, 12–19. https://jestec.taylors.edu.my/Special%20Issue%2020th%20eureca%202023/20th%20eureca%20special%20issue%20-%2002.pdf
Sofianti, T. D. (2026). Factors influencing commuter mode shift behavior in the Greater Jakarta (Jabodetabek) area. Transactions on Transport Sciences, 17(1), 47–57. https://doi.org/10.5507/tots.2025.017
Sugiarto, S., Barat, M. J. H., Saleh, S. M., Achmad, A., & Iskandar, I. (2022). Choice model and influencing factors of the travel mode for motorcycle and BRT-lite in Banda Aceh, Indonesia. In AIP Conference Proceedings (Vol. 2453). AIP Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0094356
Snyder, H. (2019). Literature review as a research methodology: An overview and guidelines. Journal of Business Research, 104, 333–339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.07.039
Tomaz de Aquino, J., Valença de Souza, J., Lima da Silva, V. C., Jerônimo, T. B., & De Melo, F. J. C. (2018). Factors that influence the quality of services provided by the bus rapid transit system: A look for user’s perception. Benchmarking: An International Journal, 25(9), 4035–4057. https://doi.org/10.1108/BIJ-12-2017-0344
TomTom. (2025). TomTom Traffic Index. https://www.tomtom.com/trafficindex
Thankachan, J. A., & Srinivasan, B. (2025). An NLP based approach to automate and enhance the systematic review within PRISMA format. In A. Chandrabose, X. Fernando, & E. Mercier-Laurent (Eds.), Computer, communication, and signal processing: Smart solutions towards SDG (pp. 199–212). Springer Nature Switzerland. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-73617-9_16
Wajid, S., & Nezamuddin, N. (2023). Capturing delays in response of emergency services in Delhi. Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, 87, 101543. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seps.2023.101543
Wan, D., Kamga, C., Hao, W., Sugiura, A., & Beaton, E. B. (2016). Customer satisfaction with bus rapid transit: A study of New York City select bus service applying structural equation modeling. Public Transport, 8(3), 497–520. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12469-016-0135-x
Wang, S., Wang, J., & Yang, F. (2020). From willingness to action: Do push-pull-mooring factors matter for shifting to green transportation? Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 79, 102242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2020.102242
Wang, M. H., Yu, T. C., & Ho, Y. S. (2010). A bibliometric analysis of the performance of Water Research. Scientometrics, 84(3), 813–820. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-009-0112-0
Wedagama, D. M. P. (2019). The influence of mixed traffic on congestion level and marginal road congestions. International Journal of GEOMATE, 18(69), 18–25. https://doi.org/10.21660/2019.64.15106
Wirasinghe, S. C., Kattan, L., Rahman, M. M., Hubbell, J., & Thilakaratne, R. (2013). Bus rapid transit: A review. International Journal of Urban Sciences, 17(1), 1–31. https://doi.org/10.1080/12265934.2013.777514
Wijaya, S., Imran, M., & McNeill, J. (2017). Multi-level policy tensions in Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) development in low-income Asian cities. Transportation Research Procedia, 25, 5104–5120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2018.02.040
Wu, W., Wang, M. (Xin), & Zhang, F. (2019). Commuting behavior and congestion satisfaction: Evidence from Beijing, China. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 67, 553–564. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2018.12.023
Yaldi, G., Momon, M., & Irawan, B. B. (2019). Estimasi mode shift angkutan umum ke Trans Padang di Kota Padang. Jurnal Ilmiah Rekayasa Sipil, 16(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.30630/jirs.16.1.187
Zyoud, S. H., Alalalmeh, S. O., Hegazi, O. E., Shakhshir, M., Abushamma, F., & Al-Jabi, S. W. (2024). An examination of global research trends for exploring the associations between the gut microbiota and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease through bibliometric and visualization analysis. Gut Pathogens, 16(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13099-024-00624-w
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Citation Check
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Nadira Nurul Diniyah
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
