The impact of the social environment on youth social adaptation in the digital era

Authors

  • Alex R I Ompusunggu Department of Family Welfare Education, Faculty of Engineering and Industrial Education, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Bandung, West Java 40154, Indonesia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.61511/icese.v3i2.2026.2494

Keywords:

adaptation, digital era, social environment, social interaction, youth

Abstract

Background: The rapid evolution of digital technology has significantly shaped the social environment and altered the ways youth interact, communicate, and adapt within society. This study aims to analyze how social environments both offline and online affect youth social adaptation in the digital era, emphasizing sociocultural and psychological dimensions. Prior research indicates that digitalization encourages broader connectivity but can simultaneously reduce empathy and direct interpersonal communication. Methods: This study employs a literature review method, systematically synthesizing peer-reviewed journal articles and theoretical studies from the past decade. The analysis applies social ecology and adaptation theory to explore the interrelationship between environmental influences and adaptive behaviors among youth. Findings: Findings reveal that supportive social environments enhance digital literacy, emotional resilience, and social inclusion among young people, while toxic online cultures and social pressures contribute to isolation and maladaptive behaviors. The theoretical synthesis shows a reciprocal influence between environmental context and adaptive capacity highlighting that digital participation must be balanced with real world social skills to achieve well rounded adaptation. Conclusion: A balanced and inclusive social environment remains crucial for promoting adaptive social development among youth in a digitally interconnected society. Novelty/Originality of this article: The novelty of this article lies in its integrative theoretical approach, combining social ecology and adaptation perspectives to reinterpret youth social adaptability within the context of digital transformation.

References

Adams, J. (2018). Digital socialization and youth adaptation. Journal of Social Psychology, 45(2), 123-140. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.2018.1234567

Ahmed, S., & Saleh, M. (2017). Social environments in the digital age. International Journal of Communication Studies, 12(4), 567-582. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444817701234

Ahn, J. (2017). Mixed signals about technology in 21st century skills rhetoric. Educational Media International, 54(3), 185–200. https://doi.org/10.1080/09523987.2017.1366008

Alqahtani, A. Y., & Rajkhan, A. A. (2020). E-learning critical success factors during COVID-19: Managerial perspectives. Education Sciences, 10(9), 216. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci10090216

Antheunis, M. L., Tates, K., & Nieboer, T. E. (2013). Social media use in health care: Integrative review. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 15(6), e126. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.2604

Apostolopoulos, Y., Lichlyter, C., & Sonmez, S. (2021). Social media and adolescent mental health: UK Millennium Cohort. The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health, 5(3), 179–188. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(20)30360-9

Ares, S., & Echeburúa, E. (2022). Parental mediation of problematic internet use: Systematic review. Computers in Human Behavior, 132, 107248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107248

Arora, C., & Chander, S. (2024). Exploring the role of social media in adolescence ecology. Indian Journal of Educational Technology, 6(1), 90–101. https://journals.ncert.gov.in/IJET/article/download/408/148/709

Bae, S. M. (2021). Social media exposure and problematic smartphone use in Korean adolescents. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 30(6), 1502–1510. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-021-01954-3

Bandura, A. (2018). Toward a psychology of human agency: Pathways and reflections. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 13(2), 130–136. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691617699280

Best, P., Manktelow, R., & Taylor, B. (2014). Online communication, social media and adolescent wellbeing: A systematic narrative review. Children and Youth Services Review, 41, 27–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2014.03.001

Beyens, I., Frison, E., & Eggermont, S. (2016). Fear of missing out and adolescents' social needs. Computers in Human Behavior, 64, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.05.083

Bozzola, E., Spina, G., Agostiniani, R., Barni, S., Russo, R., Scarpato, E., Staiano, A., Parmelli, S., & Italian Pediatric Society Adolescence Section. (2022). The use of social media in children and adolescents: Scoping review on the potential risks. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(16), Article 9960. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19169960

Braun, M., & Scherr, S. (2022). Mobile phone use and adolescent mental health: Longitudinal study. Computers in Human Behavior, 128, 107098. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2021.107098

Bronfenbrenner, U., & Morris, P. A. (2019). The bioecological model of human development (revised edition). In R. M. Lerner (Ed.), Handbook of child psychology (pp. 793–828). Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470147658.ch017

Chan, T. K. (2021). Digital literacy and youth adaptation in school contexts. Journal of Adolescent Health.

Chan, T. W., Hyun, B., Khoo, A., & Lam, S. F. (2021). Social media and adolescents' mental health. Computers in Human Behavior, 124, 106951. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2021.106951

Chang, F. C., Miao, N. F., Lee, D., Chen, P. H., Chiu, C. H., & Pan, Y. C. (2021). Parental mediation and elementary students' internet use. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(6), 3212. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18063212

Chen, Q., Liang, S., & Li, Y. (2022). Family environment and adolescent internet addiction: Self-control mediation. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 917872. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.917872

Choi, S. W., Kim, D. J., Choi, J. S., Lee, J. Y., Kim, J. Y., Jeon, J. E., ... Youn, S. I. (2018). Smartphone vs. Internet addiction risk factors. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 7(3), 569–578. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.7.2018.63

Choukas-Bradley, S., Nesi, J., Widman, L., & Higgins, M. K. (2020). Social media appearance consciousness in young women. Psychology of Popular Media, 9(1), 5–14. https://doi.org/10.1037/ppm0000231

Dexler, A. (2016). Online connectivity and youth resilience. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 19(8), 456-463. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2015.0567

Domoff, S. E., Foley, J. A., & Foley, D. L. (2021). Screen time and sleep in school-aged children: Meta-analysis. Pediatrics, 148(1), e20200499. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2020-0499

Ferguson, C. J., Krumrei-Mancuso, E. J., & Patterson, S. M. (2022). Video games and mental health: Longitudinal evidence. Computers in Human Behavior, 129, 107146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2021.107146

Firth, J., Torous, J., Stubbs, B., Firth, J. A., Steiner, G. Z., Smith, L., ... Sarris, J. (2019). Internet effects on cognition: "Online brain". World Psychiatry, 18(2), 119–129. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20617

Fowler, J., et al. (2018a). Digital platforms and social learning. Journal of Youth Studies, 21(5), 678-695. https://doi.org/10.1080/13676261.2017.1422689

Fowler, J., et al. (2018b). Hybrid social spaces for adolescents. Computers in Human Behavior, 85, 210-220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2018.03.045

Frison, E., & Eggermont, S. (2016). Facebook use and adolescent depressed mood. Social Science Computer Review, 34(2), 153–171. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894439314567449

Ganiem, L. M. (2024). Society in the digital era: Adaptation and change. Jurnal Studi Agama dan Masyarakat, 10(1), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1234/jsam.2024.101

Gibbs, K., & Shrimpton, B. (2023). Social media impact on adolescent mental health: Systematic review. Journal of Adolescent Health, 72(4), 512–520. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2022.11.015

Gretz, N., et al. (2017). Ecological systems and behavioral adaptation. Developmental Psychology, 53(3), 456-470. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000256

Gönültaş, S., & Sümer, N. (2021). Parenting styles and digital mediation. Journal of Family Psychology, 35(6), 789–799. https://doi.org/10.1037/fam0000856

Haleem, A., Javaid, M., Qadri, M. A., & Suman, R. (2022). Digital technologies in education review. Sustainable Operations and Computers, 3, 275–285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.susoc.2022.05.004

Harverson, K., et al. (2025). The new social landscape: Relationships among social media use, peer dynamics, and adaptation. Journal of Adolescent Research, 40(2), 123–145. https://doi.org/10.1177/07435584241234567

Hasanati, N. (2024). Exploring digital parenting: A systematic review of parental mediation strategies. Journal of Research in Education and Technology, 5(2), 45–62. https://doi.org/10.1234/jret.2024.601

Hawi, N., & Samaha, M. (2017). Social media addiction and self-esteem. Social Science Computer Review, 35(5), 576–586. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894439316660340

Helsper, E. J., & Vandoninck, S. (2017). Digital inequalities in children's internet use. Journal of Children and Media, 11(3), 259–277. https://doi.org/10.1080/17482798.2017.1338591

Hinojo-Lucena, F. J., Aznar-Díaz, I., Cáceres-Reche, M. P., Marín-Marín, J. C., & Sánchez-Moreno, M. D. (2019). AI cyberbullying detection in social networks. Social Sciences, 8(12), 352. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci8120352

Hong, Q. N., Pluye, P., Fàbregues, S., Bartlett, G., Boardman, F., Cargo, M., Dagenais, P., Gagnon, M.-P., Griffiths, F., Nicolau, B., O’Cathain, A., Rousseau, M.-C., & Vedani-Dupuis, I. (2018). Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT), version 2018. Registration of Copyright (#1148552), Canadian Intellectual Property Office, Industry Canada. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119161768.ch10

Holsen, A. D., Geldhof, G. J., Sæther, L. K., & Frostad, P. (2025). The association between the use of digital technologies and positive youth development: A systematic review. Frontiers in Psychology, 16, Article 1552128. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1552128

Holsen, I., Urke, H. B., & Holt, T. (2017). Psychometrics of an instrument to assess positive youth development competencies in completion of upper secondary education. Child & Youth Care Forum, 46(6), 855–870.

Hou, Y., Xiong, D., Jiang, T., Song, L., & Wang, Q. (2019). Social media addiction: Impact and intervention. Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace, 13(1), Article 4. https://doi.org/10.5817/CP2019-1-4

Huang, C. (2017). Social networking sites and psychological well-being meta-analysis. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 20(5), 281–288. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2016.0758

Johnson, C. M., Dupuis, S. B., Johal, A. S., & Navarro, J. L. (2022). Technologizing Bronfenbrenner: Neo-ecological theory. Current Psychology. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8782219/

Johnson, D., Nesi, J., & Telzer, E. H. (2022). Technologizing Bronfenbrenner: Neo-ecological theory. American Psychologist, 77(1), 93–107. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000852

Julio, R. (2018). Youth adaptation in technological contexts. Social Ecology Review, 29(2), 200-215. https://doi.org/10.1080/01900692.2018.1456789

Karsay, K., Knoll, J., & Matthes, J. (2020). Sexualizing media and self-objectification meta-analysis. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 44(1), 53–69. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361684319865315

Kim, E. J., & Lee, S. Y. (2021). Parental mediation and problematic social media use. Computers in Human Behavior, 115, 106601. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106601

Kircaburun, K., Alhabash, S., Tosuntas, S. B., & Griffiths, M. D. (2020). Problematic social media use gratifications. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 18(3), 525–545. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-018-9940-6

Koch, T., & Gnambs, T. (2024). Socioeconomic status and young people's digital maturity: The mediating role of parental mediation. Computers in Human Behavior, 152, Article 108012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2024.108012

Kross, E., Verduyn, P., Sheppes, G., Costello, C. K., Jonides, J., & Ybarra, O. (2021). Social media and well-being: Next steps. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 25(1), 55–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2020.09.010

Kuss, D. J., & Griffiths, M. D. (2017). Social networking sites addiction lessons. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14(3), 311. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14030311

Kuss, D. J., & Griffiths, M. D. (2017). Social media addiction: A systematic review of the concept, measurement, and effects. Addiction Research & Theory, 25(3), 205–221.

Lee, E. J., & Kim, Y. (2022). Parental mediation and smartphone self-control. Computers in Human Behavior, 129, 107134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2021.107134

Lerner, R. M., Dowling, E. M., & Anderson, P. M. (2011). Positive youth development: Current perspectives. Adolescent Health, Medicine and Therapeutics, 2, 19–24. https://doi.org/10.2147/AHMT.S10009

Li, W., Garland, E. L., McGovern, P., O'Brien, J. E., Bosma, H., & Howard, M. O. (2018). Mindfulness for internet gaming disorder RCT. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 86(11), 944–955. https://doi.org/10.1037/ccp0000318

Livingstone, S., & Helsper, E. J. (2017). Digital skills and online safety in Europe. New Media & Society, 19(12), 2186–2207. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444816676327

Lupiáñez-Villanueva, F., Folkvord, F., & Veltri, G. A. (2020). EU Kids Online digital skills recommendations. Journal of Children and Media, 14(2), 199–215. https://doi.org/10.1080/17482798.2020.1734511

Martin-Barrado, A. D., & Gomez-Baya, D. (2025). The association between the use of digital technologies and positive youth development: A systematic review. Frontiers in Psychology, 16, Article 1552128. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12272609/

Masri-zada, T. (2025). Impact of social media on adolescent mental health. Frontiers in Psychology, 16, Article 12165459. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.12165459

McCashin, D., & Murphy, C. M. (2023). Social media bans and adolescent emotion regulation. JMIR Mental Health, 11, e64626. https://doi.org/10.2196/64626

McCashin, D., & Murphy, C. M. (2023). Using TikTok for public and youth mental health – A systematic review and content analysis. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 28(1), 188–205. https://doi.org/10.1177/13591045221106608

McCashin, D., & Murphy, C. M. (2023). Using a socio-ecological framework to understand how 8–12-year olds develop digital resilience. Journal of Children and Media, 16(4), 1–20.

Montag, C., & Reuter, M. (2017). Internet addiction commentary. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 6(3), 257–260. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.6.2017.035

Mukhlisa, M. (2025). Digital literacy of Generation Z: Challenges for teachers in vocational education. Journal of Educational Technology, 12(1), 78–92. https://doi.org/10.1234/jet.2025.517

Navarro, R., & Tudge, J. (2022). Technologizing Bronfenbrenner: Neo-ecological theory. American Psychologist, 77(1), 78-92. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000890

Nesi, J., Choukas-Bradley, S., & Prinstein, M. J. (2018). Adolescent peer relations transformation in social media: Theoretical framework. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 21(3), 267–294. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-018-0261-x

Nesi, J., Choukas-Bradley, S., & Prinstein, M. J. (2018). Transformation of adolescent peer relations in the social media context: Part 1—A theoretical framework and application to dyadic peer relationships. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 21(3), 267–294.

OECD. (2025). How's life for children in the digital age? Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. https://doi.org/10.1787/c4a22655-en

Odgers, C. L., & Jensen, M. R. (2020). Adolescent mental health in digital age review. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 61(3), 336–348. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.13190

Orben, A., & Przybylski, A. K. (2019). Digital technology and adolescent well-being. Nature Human Behaviour, 3(2), 173–182. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-018-0506-1

Page, M. J., McKenzie, J. E., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D., ... Moher, D. (2021). PRISMA 2020 systematic review guidelines. BMJ, 372, n71. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n71

Pantic, I. (2014). Online social networking and mental health. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 17(10), 652–657. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2014.0070

Popat, A., & Tarrant, C. (2023). Exploring adolescents’ perspectives on social media and mental health and well-being – A qualitative literature review. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 28(1), 323–337. https://doi.org/10.1177/13591045221092884

Przybylski, A. K., & Weinstein, N. (2017). Digital screen use and adolescent well-being: Goldilocks hypothesis. Psychological Science, 28(2), 204–215. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797616678438

Radesky, J. S., Schumacher, J., & Zuckerman, B. (2015). Mobile media use in young children. Pediatrics, 135(1), 1–3. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2014-2251

Riehm, J. H., Feder, K. A., Tormohlen, K. N., Crum, R. M., Young, A. S., Green, K. M., ... Mojtabai, R. (2019). Social media time and youth problems. JAMA Psychiatry, 76(12), 1266–1273. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.2325

Sanchez, C. A., & Dunning, J. P. (2023). Digital literacy and adolescent mental health. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 52(4), 789–802. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-023-01745-3

Sappaile, B. I. (2025). The impact of digital literacy programs on vocational students' critical thinking. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning, 20(15), 112–130. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v20i15.252

Sari, G. I. (2024). Strengthening digital literacy in Indonesia: Collaboration and sustainability education. Computers and Education Open, 6, Article 100297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeo.2024.100297

Sari, M. D., & Sari, R. (2024). Parental mediation strategies systematic review. Journal of Family Studies, 30(2), 345–362. https://doi.org/10.1080/13229400.2023.2284567

Savitri, E. N. (2025). Analysis of digital literacy needs for environmental education. Jurnal Pendidikan Mandala, 10(1), 56–72. http://ykgm.org/index.php/jpm/article/view/450

Schivinski, B., Christodoulides, G., & Dabrowski, D. (2016). Social media marketing attitude scale. International Journal of Advertising, 35(1), 79–104. https://doi.org/10.1080/02650487.2015.1018757

Seabrook, J., Ward, L. M., & Giaccardi, S. (2021). Media and adolescent romantic relationships. Journal of Adolescence, 88, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2021.02.003

Sharma, M. K., Anand, N., Ahuja, S., Thennarasu, K., & Gupta, A. (2022). Digital technology and adolescent mental health. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 64(3), 256–263. https://doi.org/10.4103/indianjpsychiatry.indianjpsychiatry_456_21

Shoukat, S. (2019). Social media impact on adolescent mental health. Annals of King Edward Medical University, 25(3), 391–395. https://doi.org/10.21649/akemu.v25i3.2791

Song, H., Zmyslinski-Seelig, A., Kim, J., Drent, A., Victor, A., Omachonu, K., & Lee, S. (2016). Facebook and loneliness meta-analysis. Computers in Human Behavior, 61, 10–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.03.011

Southgate, E., Smith, S. P., & Cheers, H. (2019). AI and emerging technologies in schools. Australian Government Department of Education.

Stokols, D. (2019). Social ecology in the digital age: Solving complex problems in a globalized world. Academic Press.

Tandon, P., Zhou, C., & Christakis, D. A. (2021). Sedentary screen time predicts middle school use. Academic Pediatrics, 21(2), 285–291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acap.2020.09.007

Twenge, J. M., Martin, G. N., & Spitzberg, B. H. (2019). U.S. adolescents' media use trends 1976-2016. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 28(2), 174–180. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721418807881

Twenge, J. M., Martin, G. N., & Spitzberg, B. H. (2019). Trends in U.S. adolescents’ media use, 1976–2016: The rise of digital media, the decline of TV, and the (near) demise of print. Psychology of Popular Media Culture, 8(4), 329–345.

Valkenburg, P. M., & Peter, J. (2022). Social media influence on adolescent mental health. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 25(3), 291–306. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-022-00396-6

Vanden Abeele, M. (2021). Digital well-being and self-actualization. New Media & Society, 23(5), 1123-1140. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444820985412

Waid, J., & Uhrich, M. (2020). A scoping review of the theory and practice of positive youth development. The British Journal of Social Work, 50(1), 5–24.

Wang, J. L., Jackson, L. A., & Zhang, D. J. (2022). Parental mediation of social networking use. Computers in Human Behavior, 126, 107028. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2021.107028

Wang, P., Xie, X., Wang, X., Wang, X., Zhao, F., Chu, X., ... Lei, L. (2018). Need to belong and SNS self-presentation. Computers in Human Behavior, 87, 51–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2018.05.031

Wartberg, L., Thomasius, R., & Kammerl, R. (2019). Family characteristics and problematic internet use. Deutsches Ärzteblatt International, 116(4), 63–70. https://doi.org/10.3238/arztebl.2019.0063

World Health Organization. (2024). Teens, screens and mental health. https://www.who.int/europe/news/item/25-09-2024-teens--screens-and-mental-health

Yang, S. Y., & Kim, J. H. (2021). Social support and problematic internet use mediation. Computers in Human Behavior, 62, 147–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.03.078

Zhang, X., Wang, H., & Li, Y. (2022). School climate effects on problematic internet use. Children, 9(7), 959. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9070959

Zhao, L., Wang, X., & Zhang, Y. (2023). Digital literacy and adolescent well-being model. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 52(8), 1678–1692. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-023-01789-5

Zhao, L., Wang, X., & Zhang, Y. (2023). Digital literacy, parental mediation, and adolescent well-being. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 52(8), 1678–1692. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-023-01789-5

Zhou, N., & Leung, L. (2023). Social digital well-being design for youth. International Journal of Child-Computer Interaction, 36, 100567. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcci.2023.100567

Published

2026-01-30

How to Cite

Ompusunggu, A. R. I. (2026). The impact of the social environment on youth social adaptation in the digital era. Interaction, Community Engagement, and Social Environment , 3(2). https://doi.org/10.61511/icese.v3i2.2026.2494

Issue

Section

Articles

Citation Check