Perubahan nilai kedaulatan pangan pada sistem pertanian subak di Bali dengan pendekatan life story
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.61511/ersud.v1i1.2024.473Keywords:
food sovereignty, green revolution, subak, tri hita karanaAbstract
As a local wisdom agricultural system in Bali, Subak is threatened in maintaining food sovereignty in the Bali region. This is because farmers no longer fully implement the Tri Hita Karana principles in their agricultural systems. Currently, farmers are turning to the Green Revolution agricultural system which has principles that are contrary to those contained in the food sovereignty system. This study aims to determine the extent to which the Green Revolution has degraded the food sovereignty of Subak which applies the values of Tri Hita Karana so that it can identify the root causes of problems and solutions that can be carried out to maintain food sovereignty. This research uses qualitative research design and Life History method to understand various changes that occur in depth. Data collection is done using observation, literature, and conduct direct interviews with three Subaks in Tabanan regency. The results showed a shifting orientation from the human-based agricultural system to capital and technology. The results of this shift degrade the food sovereignty of Subak, especially the rights of farmers as well as environmental and cultural degradation. The Green Revolution did not directly affect Subak's food sovereignty, but the farmers who were influenced by changes brought by the Green Revolution made Subak not sovereign.
References
Adnyawati, I. A. A. (2019). Land Conversion Versus Subak: How Bali’s Face Gradually Changing Throughout History. Bali Tourism Journal, 3(1), 38. https://doi.org/10.36675/btj.v3i1.35
Bellwood-Howard, I. R. V. (2014). Smallholder Perspectives on Soil Fertility Management and Markets in the African Green Revolution. Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems, 38(6), 660–685. https://doi.org/10.1080/21683565.2014.896303
Bottrell, D. G., and Schoenly, K. G. (2012). Resurrecting the ghost of green revolutions past: The brown planthopper as a recurring threat to high-yielding rice production in tropical Asia. Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology, 15(1), 122–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aspen.2011.09.004
Badan Pusat Statistik Indonesia. (2022). Luas Panen, Produksi, dan Produktivitas Padi Menurut Provinsi, 2018-2020. https://www.bps.go.id/id/statistics-table/2/MTQ5OCMy/luas-panen--produksi--dan-produktivitas-padi-menurut-provinsi.html. Diakses pada 24 Mei 2023
Badan Pusat Statistik. (2022, Februari 2). Nilai Tukar Petani (NTP) Januari 2022 Sebesar 108,67 atau Naik 0,30 Persen [Press release]. Diakses pada 24 Maret 2023. https://www.bps.go.id/pressrelease/2022/02/02/1881/nilai-tukar-petani--ntp--januari-2022-sebesar-108-67-atau-naik-0-30-persen.html. Badan Pusat Statistik. (2014, March 3).
Clough, P., Goodley, D., Lawthom, R., & Moore, M. (2004). Researching Life Stories: Method, Theory and Analyses in a Biographical Age (1st ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203413371
Dewi, K. T. P., Windia, W. A. Y. A. N., & Diarta, K. S. (2018). Permasalahan subak di daerah pariwisata di subak teges, kecamatan Ubud, kabupaten Gianyar. J. Agribisnis dan Agrowisata (Journal Agribus. Agritourism), 7, 514. https://garuda.kemdikbud.go.id/documents/detail/1374370
Sarjana, I. M., Dewi, L., & Ayu, I. (2015). Faktor-Faktor Pendorong Alihfungsi Lahan Sawah Menjadi Lahan Non-Pertanian (Kasus: Subak Kerdung, Kecamatan Denpasar Selatan). Jurnal Manajemen Agribisnis, 3(2), 26303. https://media.neliti.com/media/publications/26303-ID-faktor-faktor-pendorong-alihfungsi-lahan-sawah-menjadi-lahan-non-pertanian-kasus.pdf
Evenson, R. E., and Gollin, D. (2003). Assessing the Impact of the Green Revolution, 1960 to 2000. Science, 300(5620), 758–762. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1078710
Glaeser, B. (Ed.). (2010). The Green Revolution revisited: critique and alternatives (Vol. 2). Taylor and Francis. https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=M5acC-w8zq8C&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=Glaeser,+B.+(Ed.).+(2010).+The+Green+Revolution+revisited:+critique+and+alternatives+(Vol.+2).+Taylor+and+Francis.&ots=1X456rLB-C&sig=vlC2ZYEjxqFm59PlPQ_pMb-N1bU
Global Food Security Index. (2022). Economist Impact Global Food Security Index 2022. Annual Report: Corteva Agriscience
Gramling, L. F., & Carr, R. L. (2004). Lifelines: A Life History Methodology.
Nursing Research, 53(3), 207–210. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006199-200405000-00008
Holt-Giménez, E., and Altieri, M. A. (2012). Agroecology, Food Sovereignty and the New Green Revolution. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture, 120904081412003. https://doi.org/10.1080/10440046.2012.716388
Ickowitz, A., Powell, B., Rowland, D., Jones, A., and Sunderland, T. (2019). Agricultural intensification, dietary diversity, and markets in the global food security narrative. Global Food Security, 20, 9–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2018.11.002
Jha, N., and Schoenfelder, J. W. (2011). Studies of the Subak: New Directions, New Challenges. Human Ecology, 39(1), 3–10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10745-011-9383-1
Karunarathne, A., Gunnell, D., Konradsen, F., and Eddleston, M. (2020). How many premature deaths from pesticide suicide have occurred since the agricultural Green Revolution?. Clinical toxicology, 58(4), 227-232. https://doi.org/10.1080/15563650.2019.1662433
Katayama, N., Baba, Y. G., Kusumoto, Y., and Tanaka, K. (2015). A review of post-war changes in rice farming and biodiversity in Japan. Agricultural Systems, 132, 73-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2014.09.001
Lanya, I., Subadiyasa, N. N., Sardiana, K., & Ratna Adi, Gst. P. (2017). Transfer function control strategy of Subak rice field land and agricultural development in Denpasar city. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 54, 012004. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/54/1/012004
La Via Campesina. (2018). Food Sovereignty Now. Belgium: European Coordinator Via Campesina. https://viacampesina.org/en/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2018/02/Food-Sovereignty-A-guide-Low-Res-Vresion.pdf
MacRae, G. S., and Arthawiguna, I. A. (2011). Sustainable agricultural development in Bali: Is the subak an obstacle, an agent or subject?. Human Ecology, 39(1), 11-20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10745-011-9386-y
Mariyono, J. (2015). Green revolution-and wetland-linked technological change of rice agriculture in Indonesia. Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal, 26(5), 683-700. https://doi.org/10.1108/MEQ-07-2014-0104
Morvaridi, B. (2012). Capitalist Philanthropy and the New Green Revolution for Food Security. The International Journal of Sociology of Agriculture and Food, 243-256 Pages. https://doi.org/10.48416/IJSAF.V19I2.228
Norken, I. N., Suputra, I. K., & Arsana, I. G. N. K. (2019). Implementasi Tri Hita Karana Pada Subak Pulagan Sebagai Warisan Budaya Dunia Di Kecamatan Tampaksiring, Kabupaten Gianyar. Simposium Dosen Universitas Udayana. https://simdos.unud.ac.id/uploads/file_penelitian_1_dir/a7557e77edd8b6b561cea8822ba28d72.pdf
Patel, R. (2013). The long green revolution. The Journal of Peasant Studies, 40(1), 1-63. https://doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2012.719224
Pellizzoli, R. (2010). ‘Green revolution’for whom? Women's access to and use of land in the Mozambique Chókwè irrigation scheme. Review of African Political Economy, 37(124), 213-220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2014.09.001
Peters, J. H. (2013). Tri Hita Karana. Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia. https://books.google.co.id/books?id=4DFIDwAAQBAJ
Propantoko, H., Hasian, W., Nauraini, N., Batara, L. N., Abdullah, S. (2019). Indeks Kedaulatan Pangan Sebuah pendahuluan Version 1.0. Bogor: Koalisi Rakyat untuk Kedaulatan Pangan 2019. https://kedaulatanpangan.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Indeks-Kedaulatan-Pangan.pdf
Roth, D., and Sedana, G. (2015). Reframing Tri Hita Karana: From ‘Balinese Culture’to Politics. The Asia Pacific Journal of Anthropology, 16(2), 157-175. https://doi.org/10.1080/14442213.2014.994674
Sannigrahi, S., Pilla, F., Zhang, Q., Chakraborti, S., Wang, Y., Basu, B., ... and Singh, L. K. (2021). Examining the effects of green revolution led agricultural expansion on net ecosystem service values in India using multiple valuation approaches. Journal of Environmental Management, 277, 111381. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111381
Shilomboleni, H. (2018). African Green Revolution, food sovereignty and constrained livelihood choice in Mozambique. Canadian Journal of African Studies / Revue Canadienne Des Études Africaines, 52(2), 115–137. https://doi.org/10.1080/00083968.2018.1483833
Sriartha, I. P., Suratman, S., and Giyarsih, S. R. (2015). The Effect of Regional Development on The Sustainability of Local Irrigation System (A Case of Subak System in Badung Regency, Bali Province). Forum Geografi, 29(1). https://doi.org/10.23917/forgeo.v29i1.789
Suputra, D. P. A., Ambarawati, I. G.A.A., Tenaya, I. M. N., (2012) "Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Alih Fungsi Lahan Studi Kasus di Subak Daksina, Desa Tibubeneng, Kecamatan Kuta Utara, Kabupaten Badung." Journal of Agribusiness and Agritourism, vol. 1, no. 1, 30 Jul. 2012. https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/JAA/article/view/1129
Tang, C. S., Wang, Y., & Zhao, M. (2023). The impact of input and output farm subsidies on farmer welfare, income disparity, and consumer surplus. Management Science. https://pubsonline.informs.org/doi/abs/10.1287/mnsc.2023.4850
Warr, P., and Yusuf, A. A. (2014). Fertilizer subsidies and food self‐sufficiency in Indonesia. Agricultural Economics, 45(5), 571-588. https://doi.org/10.1111/agec.12107
Wardi, I., Laksmiwati, I., Gunadi, I., & As-syakur, A. (2014). Dampak pertumbuhan penduduk terhadap lingkungan dan budaya subak: Studi Kasus di Kabupaten Tabanan Provinsi Bali. Jurnal Bumi Lestari, 14(2), 110-124. https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/blje/article/download/18340/11855
Wesnawa, I. G. A., & Suastra, I. W. (2016). Tri Hita Karana (THK) concept in rural settlements of Bali. Journal of Education and Social Sciences, 3, 75-78. https://jesoc.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/KC3_76.pdf
Yekti, M. I., Schultz, B., Norken, I. N., Gany, A. H. A., & Hayde, L. (2017). Learning from experiences of ancient Subak schemes for participatory irrigation system management in Bali. Irrigation and Drainage, 66(4), 567-576. https://doi.org/10.1002/ird.2122
Yuliana, E. D. (2020). Ajeg Subak Dalam Transformasi Pertanian modern ke Organik. Bali: UNHI Press. http://repo.unhi.ac.id/bitstream/123456789/1323/1/6.%20Buku%20Ajeg%20Subak.pdf
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
Citation Check
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Journal of Economic Resilience and Sustainable Development
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
