Digital communication, the dynamics of radicalization, and legal responses to the transformation of Muslim discourse and identity: A literature review

Abstract

Background: This study aims to examine how digital communication practices contribute to radicalization, how criminal policy responses address this phenomenon, and what implications this has for discourse, identity, and the psychological well-being of Muslim communities. Methods: This study is a qualitative literature review. Secondary data in the form of books, journal articles, and policy documents were systematically collected and then analyzed qualitatively-descriptively through data reduction, thematic presentation, and argumentative synthesis. Findings: Analysis shows that the radicalization process is produced by a combination of three layers, including persuasive content and framing that supports claims of authenticity; micro social networks that provide validation of networked pathways; and the technical architecture of platforms that increases exposure. Criminal responses and platform regulation are effective only when repressive measures are complemented by algorithm transparency, take-down procedures that include due process, media literacy programs, and psychosocial support services. Cross-study qualitative evidence indicates a strong relationship between technical amplification and increased discourse homogeneity that facilitates the mobilization of extreme ideas. Conclusion: Preventing digital radicalization requires an integrated approach through criminal law that focuses on recruitment and glorification of violence, transparent technical governance, and community-based communication interventions to strengthen moderate identities and psychological well-being. These policies and measures need to be assessed through the lens of maqasid al-shari’ah to ensure they are proportional and sensitive to religious values. Novelty/Originality of this article: The novelty aspect refers to the new or innovative elements in a research study that distinguish it from previous work. It includes unique contributions, new methods, or findings that have not been explored before in the field.