Education and involvement of medical students in health policy as a long-term strategy to attain health goals in developing countries

Authors

  • Fatimah Sarah Mohd Raihan Medical Study Program, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universitas Bengkulu, Bengkulu, 38225, Indonesia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.61511/ajteoh.v3i1.2025.1836

Abstract

Background: The extent of a country’s development depends on the growth of its economy, the level of literacy, as well as the advancements in public health and the national healthcare system. Barriers to a sustainable development in the health sector of a country include financial and socio-political aspects as well as intergenerational communication and transfer of knowledge. Literature on health policy training in developing nations is scarce. Methods: This scoping review was carried out through academic literature search on related articles published from 2014 to 2024, supplemented with indirectly related articles, older academic articles and recent non-academic publications where necessary due to information insufficiency - in order to answer three main research questions regarding the trend in academic interest in this topic, the landscape of health policy education for medical students in developing countries and evidence that the students’ participation in health policy roles can have a positive impact on national healthcare. Findings: 56 articles on medical students’ health policy education and involvement were retrieved, which mostly originated from developed countries. Further investigation found some records of this topic in developing countries, which enabled its discussion and comparison to its counterparts in developed nations. Conclusion: Improving the delivery of health policy education in developing countries is crucial for sowing future physicians’ interest and ability in controlling and advocating for national health issues - which is ultimately important for the development of the national healthcare structure and its capability to overcome not only short term, urgent crises, but also satisfy the long-term needs in a continuously developing nation. Novelty/Originality of this article: No literature has previously been published as an overview of health policy education and involvement of medical students in developing countries and its comparative analysis with the scenario in developed countries as a means of development goal strategy mapping.

References

Abdullah, A. R., Cheah, S., Mulia, V. B., & Abdul Fatah, I. A. (2019). Factors attracting Indonesian medical tourists to Penang. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, GCBSS Special Edition, 1-10. https://www.ajhtl.com/uploads/7/1/6/3/7163688/article_12_se_gbcss_2019

Ali, I., & Ali, S. (2022). Why may COVID-19 overwhelm low-income countries like Pakistan?. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness, 16(1), 316-320. https://doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2020.329

Al-Worafi, Y. M. (2024). Public Health Education Challenges in Developing Countries. In Handbook of Medical and Health Sciences in Developing Countries: Education, Practice, and Research (pp. 1-23). Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-74786-2_203-1

Aranda, Z., Binde, T., Tashman, K., Tadikonda, A., Mawindo, B., Maweu, D., Boley, E. J., Mphande, I., Dumbuya, I., Montaño, M., Clisbee, M., Mvula, M. G., Ndayizigiye, M., Jean-Baptiste, M. C., Varney, P. F., Anyango, S., Grépin, K. A., Law, M. R., Mugunga, J. C., Hedt-Gauthier, B. & Fulcher, I. R. (2022). Disruptions in maternal health service use during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020: experiences from 37 health facilities in low-income and middle-income countries. BMJ global health, 7(1), e007247. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2021-007247

Aung, M. N., Vanapruks, V., Sithisarankul, P., Yenbutra, P., Rattanamongkolgul, S., Suvarnabhumi, K., & Wannakrairot, P. (2024). A National Assessment of Public Health Instructions in Medical Schools of Thailand. SAGE Open, 14(2), 21582440241251987. https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440241251987

Bales, A. M., Oddo, A. R., Dennis, D. J., Siska, R. C., VanderWal, E., VanderWal, H., Dlamini, N., Markert, R. J., & McCarthy, M. C. (2018). Global health education for medical students: when learning objectives include research. Journal of Surgical Education, 75(4), 1022-1027. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsurg.2017.09.015

Bath, M. F., Norris, E. J., & Fitzgerald, J. E. F. (2020). International medical student electives: opportunity to support health worker education. Postgraduate medical journal, 96(1134), 181–182. https://doi.org/10.1136/postgradmedj-2019-136916

Bhate, T. D., & Loh, L. C. (2015). Building a generation of physician advocates: the case for including mandatory training in advocacy in Canadian medical school curricula. Academic Medicine, 90(12), 1602-1606. https://doi.org/10.1097/ACM.0000000000000841

Baughman, D. (2023). Charting the Course: Bridging Health Policy, Operations, and Leadership Gaps in Medical Education. Operations, and Leadership Gaps in Medical Education. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4792173

Bennett, J. E., Stevens, G. A., Mathers, C. D., Bonita, R., Rehm, J., Kruk, M. E., Riley, L.M., Dain, K., Kengne, A.P., Chalkidou, K., Beagley, J., & Ezzati, M. (2018). NCD Countdown 2030: worldwide trends in non-communicable disease mortality and progress towards Sustainable Development Goal target 3.4. The Lancet, 392(10152), 1072-1088. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31992-5

Bernhardt, L. J., Lin, S., Swegman, C., Sellke, R., Vu, A., Solomon, B. S., & Cuneo, C. N. (2019). The refugee health partnership: A longitudinal experiential medical student curriculum in refugee/asylee health. Academic medicine, 94(4), 544-549. https://doi.org/10.1097/ACM.0000000000002566

Buse, K., Aftab, W., Akhter, S., Phuong, L. B., Chemli, H., Dahal, M., .Feroz, A., Hofiani, S., Pradhan, N. A., Anwar, I., Skhiri, H. A., El Ati., J., Giang, K. B., Puri, M., Noormal, B., Rabbani, F., & Hawkes, S. (2020). The state of diet-related NCD policies in Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Pakistan, Tunisia and Vietnam: a comparative assessment that introduces a ‘policy cube’approach. Health Policy and Planning, 35(5), 503-521. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czz175

Buse, K., Mays, N., Colombini, M., Fraser, A., Khan, M., & Walls, H. (2023). Making Health Policy, 3e. McGraw Hill.

Cairney, P., St Denny, E., Kippin, S., & Mitchell, H. (2022). Lessons from policy theories for the pursuit of equity in health, education and gender policy. Policy & Politics, 50(3), 362-383. https://doi.org/10.1332/030557321X16487239616498

Carmody, J. B., Green, L. M., Kiger, P. G., Baxter, J. D., Cassese, T., Fancher, T. L., ... & Rajasekaran, S. K. (2021). Medical student attitudes toward USMLE step 1 and health systems science–a multi-institutional survey. Teaching and Learning in Medicine, 33(2), 139-153. https://doi.org/10.1080/10401334.2020.1825962

Chang, R. S., Massion, S. P., & Grusky, A. Z. (2022). A student-led change effort in health systems science education: development of a novel advocacy guide. Academic Medicine, 97(8), 1101. https://doi.org/10.1097/ACM.0000000000004342

Chaudhry, R. M. (2024). Role of medical student and resident doctors' representative organizations in health policy process in Pakistan University of British Columbia Library. https://doi.org/10.14288/1.0442420

Chimonas, S., Mamoor, M., Kaltenboeck, A., & Korenstein, D. (2021). The future of physician advocacy: a survey of US medical students. BMC Medical Education, 21, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-021-02830-5

Chinitz, D. (2002). Principles for planning the teaching of health policy in an MPH program. Public health reviews, 30(1-4), 255-260. 12613712. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12613712/

Clithero-Eridon, A., Albright, D., Brayfield, C., Abeyta, N., & Armitage, K. (2022). Students of change: health policy in action. Family Medicine, 54(1), 38-43. https://doi.org/10.22454/FamMed.2022.598895

Clithero-Eridon, A., Crandall, C., & Ross, A. (2020). Future medical student practice intentions: the South Africa experience. BMC medical education, 20(1), 434. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-020-02361-5

Commission on Higher Education. (2016). Policies, Standards and Guidelines for the Doctor of Medicine (M.D.) Program. Ched Memorandum Order. Office of the President, Republic of the Philippines.

Crosson, F. J., Levine, S. L., & Ross, M. N. (2023). Health Policy Education for Medical Students: Time to Rethink?. The Permanente journal, 27(3), 10–13. https://doi.org/10.7812/TPP/23.045

Daily Sun. (2023). BSMMU post-graduate doctors protest for better pay. Daily Sun.

Dang, A., Likhar, N., & Alok, U. (2016). Importance of economic evaluation in health care: an Indian perspective. Value in health regional issues, 9, 78-83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vhri.2015.11.005

Ditrio, L., Weissinger, P., & Plankey, M. (2018). An exploration of trends in and predictors of students’ perception of health policy education at a Jesuit medical school. Georgetown Medical Review, 2(1). https://doi.org/10.52504/001c.3418

Dugger, R. A., El-Sayed, A. M., Messina, C., Bronson, R., & Galea, S. (2015). The health policy attitudes of American medical students: a pilot survey. PLoS One, 10(10), e0140656. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0140656

Duong, D. B., Nguyen, T. A., Goodell, K., Osman, N. Y., Nguyen, T. M., Pham, V. T., Vu, L. T., Vu, H. T., Cosimi, L. A., Pollack, T., & Gottlieb, B. (2022). Undergraduate Medical Education Reform in Viet Nam for a Primary Health Care Workforce. Annals of global health, 88(1), 100. https://doi.org/10.5334/aogh.3755

Emil, S., Nagurney, J. M., Mok, E., & Prislin, M. D. (2014). Attitudes and knowledge regarding health care policy and systems: a survey of medical students in Ontario and California. Canadian Medical Association Open Access Journal, 2(4), https://doi.org/10.9778/cmajo.20130094

Enyioma, S. C. (2018). 87 From medical student to project manager: a leadership in healthcare experience. BMJ Leader, 2(1), A36-A36. https://doi.org/10.1136/leader-2018-FMLM.85

Fang, Y., Soljak, M., Tan, S. L. L., & Smith, H. E. (2022). Medical students’ attitudes towards and views of general practice careers in Singapore: a cross-sectional survey and qualitative analysis. BMC Medical Education, 22(1), 266. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-022-03298-7

Ferrinho, P., Valdes, A. C., & Cabral, J. (2015). The experience of medical training and expectations regarding future medical practice of medical students in the Cuban-supported Medical School in Timor-Leste. Human resources for health, 13, 13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12960-015-0004-8

Fialho, D., & Van Bergeijk, P. A. (2017). The proliferation of developing country classifications. The Journal of Development Studies, 53(1), 99-115. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2016.1178383

Gao, R., & Liu, H. H. (2023). Political stability as a major determinant of the Covid-19 pandemic outcomes. Heliyon, 9(10). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20617

Ghasemy, M., Siwei, L., & Sirat, M. (2023). Academic leaders navigating change: a comprehensive bibliometric review paper of crucial leadership capabilities and managerial competencies. International Journal of Leadership in Education, 1-33. https://doi.org/10.1080/13603124.2023.2267029

Gilmore, A. B., Fooks, G., Drope, J., Bialous, S. A., & Jackson, R. R. (2015). Exposing and addressing tobacco industry conduct in low-income and middle-income countries. The Lancet, 385(9972), 1029-1043. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60312-9

Global Health Council. (2024). Our Mission, Vision & Values. Global Health Council.

Godinho, M. A., Murthy, S., & Ali Mohammed, C. (2019). Debating evidence-based health policy in an interprofessional classroom: an exploratory study. Journal of interprofessional care, 33(5), 576-578. https://doi.org/10.1080/13561820.2018.1541873

Gogineni V. (2021). Exposure to Health Care Economics and Policy in Medical School Curricula as an Avenue to Improve Patient Advocacy. Academic medicine : journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges, 96(1), 12–13. https://doi.org/10.1097/ACM.0000000000003783

Good, M. J., Taylor, W. W., Robertson, J., Demmer, W., & Burroughs, J. (2016). Developing Future Leaders. Fisheries, 41(10), 566–568. https://doi.org/10.1080/03632415.2016.1229971

Griffiths, E. P., Tong, M. S., Teherani, A., & Garg, M. (2021). First year medical student perceptions of physician advocacy and advocacy as a core competency: A qualitative analysis. Medical Teacher, 43(11), 1286-1293. https://doi.org/10.1080/0142159X.2021.1935829

Guingona, M., Halili, S., Cristobal, F., Woolley, T., Reeve, C., Ross, S. J., & Neusy, A. J. (2021). A Curriculum for Achieving Universal Health Care: A Case Study of Ateneo de Zamboanga University School of Medicine. Frontiers in public health, 9, 612035. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.612035

Haque, M., A Rahman, N. A., Rahman, S., Majumder, M. A. A., Syed Mohdhar, S. S. B., Lugova, H., Abdullah, A., Binti Abdullah, S. L., Ismail, M. H. B., Charan, J., Kumar, S., Irfan, M., Sani, I. H., Rabiu Abubakar, A., Chowdhury, K., Akter, F., Jahan, D., & Ahmad, R. (2022). Medical Students’ Perception Regarding Health Policy Teaching and Their Participation in Health Policy Roles: A Survey at a Public University in Malaysia. Healthcare, 10(6), 967. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10060967

Hasan, M. J., Islam, S., Sujon, H., Chowdhury, F. I., Islam, M., Ahmed, M., Shabnam, M., Rishad, M. M., Nurunnabi, M., Rahman, M. M., Fardous, J., Zaman, M. S., Zaman, M. P., Ali, M. A., Awal, M. R., Choudhury, T., Shuvo, A. U., Sultana, S., Tabassum, T., Rahman, M., Barshan, A. D., Tabassum, T., Rafi, M. A., & Yasmeen, S. (2025). Research involvement among undergraduate medical students in Bangladesh: a multicenter cross-sectional study. BMC Medical Education, 25(1), 126. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-024-06566-w

Hayman, K., Wen, M., Khan, F., Mann, T., Pinto, A. D., & Ng, S. L. (2020). What knowledge is needed? Teaching undergraduate medical students to "go upstream" and advocate on social determinants of health. Canadian medical education journal, 11(1), e57–e61. https://doi.org/10.36834/cmej.58424

Heiman, H. J., Smith, L. L., McKool, M., Mitchell, D. N., & Roth Bayer, C. (2016). Health policy training: a review of the literature. International journal of environmental research and public health, 13(1), 20. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13010020

Hoe, C., Kennedy, R. D., Spires, M., Tamplin, S., & Cohen, J. E. (2019). Improving the implementation of tobacco control policies in low-and middle-income countries: a proposed framework. BMJ global health, 4(6), e002078. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2019-002078

Human Rights Careers. (2024). About Us. Human Rights Careers.

Indonesian Medical Council. (2012). Indonesian Medical Council Competency standards for Indonesian doctors. Indonesian Medical Council.

ISMKI. (2024). Notulen Audiensi Wakil Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. Ikatan Senat Mahasiswa Kedokteran Indonesia.

ISMKI. (2023a). Policy Brief RUU Omnibus Law Kesehatan - Hospital Based Residency. Aliansi Pengawalan RUU Omnibus Law Kesehatan-Ikatan Senat Mahasiswa Kedokteran Indonesia

ISMKI. (2023b). Policy Brief RUU Omnibus Law Kesehatan - Impor Dokter Asing. Aliansi Pengawalan RUU Omnibus Law Kesehatan. https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1LQr-c8_XavpNAgXueeMyWzMHvi5tSb5L

ISMKI. (2023c). Policy Brief RUU Omnibus Law Kesehatan - Kader Kesehatan. Aliansi Pengawalan RUU Omnibus Law Kesehatan. https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1LQr-c8_XavpNAgXueeMyWzMHvi5tSb5L

Jackman, D. (2019). The threat of student movements in Bangladesh: Injustice, infiltrators and regime change. ESID Working Paper No 125. Manchester: Effective States and Inclusive Development Research Centre, The University of Manchester. SSRN. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3437772

Jeney, A., Huysman, B. C., Majdi, J., Aje, K., Taskier, M., Popiel, D. K., Dayton, L. R., & Bartholomew, K. (2016). Clinical Public Health Integration in Medical School Curriculum: Transitioning Medical Student Training from Medical Problems to Health Solutions. Poster session presented at: GW Research Days 2016. https://hsrc.himmelfarb.gwu.edu/gw_research_days/2016/SMHS/107/

Jönsson, K., Phoummalaysith, B., Wahlström, R., & Tomson, G. (2015). Health policy evolution in Lao People's Democratic Republic: context, processes and agency. Health policy and planning, 30(4), 518–527. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czu017

Kadir, N. A., Schütze, H., & Weston, K. M. (2021). Educating medical students for practice in a changing landscape: an analysis of public health topics within current Indonesian medical programs. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(21), 11236. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111236

Kadir, N. A., Schütze, H., & Weston, K. M. (2023). What influences Indonesian medical educators' intentions to teach public health? A qualitative study. Korean journal of medical education, 35(4), 335–347. https://doi.org/10.3946/kjme.2023.271

Kakade, S. V., Suke, S. P., Patil, D., Ali, G. S., Garud, S. K., & Pandit, P. V. (2023). Health Policy Implementation in Developing Nations: Challenges and Solutions. South Eastern European Journal of Public Health, 21, 138-149. https://doi.org/10.70135/seejph.vi.447

Kagan, C. M., & Armstrong, G. W. (2015). Health policy in medical education: A renewed look at a timely and achievable imperative. Academic Medicine, 90(7), 838. https://doi.org/10.1097/ACM.0000000000000747

Kaymaz, K. (2019). Medical students’ involvement in health policy: current focus and trend. European Journal of Public Health, 29(4), ckz186-680. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckz186.680

Keneck-Massil, J., Nomo-Beyala, C., & Owoundi, F. (2021). The corruption and income inequality puzzle: Does political power distribution matter?. Economic Modelling, 103, 105610. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2021.105610

Kieran, N. W., Sinnott, J. F., Shah, Y. B., Patil, S., Round, K. J., Wenyon, S., & Levine, L. J. (2023). Comparison of Online to In-Person Administration of a Medical Student Leadership Curriculum. Academic Medicine, 98(11), S206-S207. https://doi.org/10.1097/ACM.0000000000005408

Kilpatrick, A. L., Bouphavanh, K., Sengchanh, S., Namvongsa, V., & Gray, A. Z. (2019). Medical education in Lao People's Democratic Republic: The challenges students face in accessing learning resources. Asia Pacific Scholar, 4(2). https://doi.org/10.29060/TAPS.2019-4-2/OA2034

Krishnamoorthi, V. R., Johnson, D. Y., Asay, S., Beem, A., Vuppaladhadiam, L., Keegan, G. E., Zietowski, M. L., Chen, S., Jain, S., & Arora, V. M. (2024). An Op-Ed Writing Curriculum for Medical Students to Engage in Advocacy Through Public Writing. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 39(6), 1058-1062. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-024-08629-6

Kucirek, N., Studenmund, C., Cordero, D. M., & Garg, M. (2021). A preclinical medical school curriculum on firearm violence to develop patient counseling and foundational health policy skills. Medical education online, 26(1), 1984177. https://doi.org/10.1080/10872981.2021.1984177

Kyanko, K. A., Riddle-Jones, L., Staiger, T., & Schwartz, M. D. (2022). Leadership In Health Policy (Leahp) Program: Building On SuccesS. Society of General Internal Medicine Forum, 45(10), 7. https://www.sgim.org/article/leadership-in-health-policy-leahp-program-building-on-success/

Leonard, S. M., Dixon, K. S., Ayres, J. M., Cordner, K., Greiner, K. A., & Parente, D. J. (2023). Perceived Value of Public Health and Health Policy Information Among Medical Students: A Cross-sectional Study. PRiMER (Leawood, Kan.), 7, 14. https://doi.org/10.22454/PRiMER.2023.758379

Levin, A. T., Owusu-Boaitey, N., Pugh, S., Fosdick, B. K., Zwi, A. B., Malani, A., Soman, S., Besançon, L., Kashnitsky, I., Ganesh, S., McLaughlin, A., Song, G., Uhm, R., Herrera-Esposito, D., de los Campos, G., Antonio, A. C. P., Tadese, E. B., & Meyerowitz-Katz, G. (2022). Assessing the burden of COVID-19 in developing countries: systematic review, meta-analysis and public policy implications. BMJ Global Health, 7(5), e008477. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2022-008477

Lim, S., Cheab, S., Goldman, L. N., Ith, P., & Bounchan, Y. (2024). The past, present and future of medical education in Cambodia. Medical Teacher, 46(1):1-7. https://doi.org/10.1080/0142159X.2024.2327490

Liu, I., Rabin, B., Manivannan, M., Laney, E., & Philipsborn, R. (2022). Evaluating strengths and opportunities for a co-created climate change curriculum: Medical student perspectives. Frontiers in Public Health, 10, 1021125. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.1021125

Longest Jr, B. B. (2004). What is the appropriate health policy content in a program curriculum?. The Journal of Health Administration Education, 21(3), 283-297. 15379367. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15379367/

Luke, M. J., Abrahams, S. J., Llanos, D., Howell, D. A., & Block, L. (2020). Advancing Health Policy and Advocacy Education in Medical School through a Student-run Elective. Cooper Rowan Medical Journal, 2(1), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.31986/issn.2578-3343_vol1iss2.1

Lum, L. H. W., Poh, K. K., & Tambyah, P. A. (2018). Winds of change in medical education in Singapore: what does the future hold?. Singapore medical journal, 59(12), 614–615. https://doi.org/10.11622/smedj.2018142

Mabuza, L. H., & Moshabela, M. (2023). What do medical students and their clinical preceptors understand by primary health care in South Africa? A qualitative study. BMC Medical Education, 23(1), 785. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-023-04751-x

Mabuza, L. H., & Moshabela, M. (2024). What are the experiences of medical students and their trainers regarding undergraduate training in primary health care at four South African medical schools? A qualitative study. Frontiers in Medicine, 11, 1337140. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2024.1337140

Malatskey, L., Essa-Hadad, J., Eldar, R., Filipov, I., Eilat-Tsanani, S., & Rudolf, M. C. (2022). Medical student lifestyle counselling for non-communicable disease: impact on students’ competence and patients’ health behaviors. Israel Journal of Health Policy Research, 11(1), 23. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13584-022-00532-x

Malaysian Medical Council. (2019). Standards for Undergraduate Medical Education. https://mmc.gov.my/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/STANDARDS-FOR-UNDERGRADUATE-MEDICAL-EDUCATION-Version-1-Updated-on-17-Dis-2019.pdf

Malik, B., Ojha, U., Khan, H., Begum, F., Khan, H., & Malik, Q. (2017). Medical student involvement in health policy roles. Advances in medical education and practice, 8, 735-743. https://doi.org/10.2147/AMEP.S147212

McFarland, S. L., Meyers, P., Sautter, R., Honsvall, A., & Prunuske, J. (2016). Medical student decision making regarding pursuit of a public health degree. Fam Med, 48(3), 203-211.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26950909/

Mei, A., Gao, D., Jiang, J., Qiao, T., Wang, F., & Li, D. (2022). The medical education systems in China and Thailand: A comparative study. Health science reports, 5(6), e826. https://doi.org/10.1002/hsr2.826

Metzger, T. (2024). Lessons Learned from Being Involved with Organized Medicine as a First-year Medical Student. International Journal of Medical Students, 12(4), 479-481. https://doi.org/10.5195/ijms.2024.2738

Meurer, J. R., Ferda, N. M., Chelius, T., Schapiro, R., Corden, T. E., Cassidy, L. D., & Seibert, C. S. (2015). Medical student views of the Affordable Care Act. WMJ, 114(6), 247-252. 26854312. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26854312/

Ministry of Health Singapore. (2014). Outcomes and Standards for Undergraduate Medical Education in Singapore. Recommendations of the National Medical Undergraduate Curriculum Committee.

Mou, D., Sarma, A., Sethi, R., & Merryman, R. (2011). The State of Health Policy Education in U.S. Medical Schools. New England Journal of Medicine, 364(10), e19. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmp1101603

Muller, C., Brodar, C., Brodar, K. E., Goodman, K., & Brosco, J. P. (2021). Medical student choices regarding ventilator allocation for people with disabilities. Intellectual and developmental disabilities, 59(6), 441-445. https://doi.org/10.1352/1934-9556-59.6.441

Murugan, A., George, M., Gooding, H., Crowe, B., & Spell, M. (2022). Design Thinking Injects Creativity Into Learning Health Systems Science. Society of General Internal Medicine Forum, 45(10), 8. https://connect.sgim.org/viewdocument/design-thinking-injects-creativity

Nazem, G., & Mohamed, B. (2015). Understanding medical tourists’ perception of private hospital service quality in Penang Island. Asian Culture and History, 8(1), 100-111. https://doi.org/10.5539/ach.v8n1p100

Ndokang, E. L. I., & Tsambou, A. D. (2015). Political instability in a country and health state in another country: the case of Central African Republic (CAR) and Cameroon using a mortality model. International Journal of Development and Management Review, 10(1), 13-29. https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ijdmr/article/view/120931

Nishtar S. (2010). The mixed health systems syndrome. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 88(1), 74–75. https://doi.org/10.2471/BLT.09.067868

Nur, A., Chaudry, A., & Sodha, A. (2018). Broadening health policy education in medical school. Advances in Medical Education and Practice, 9, 107-108. https://doi.org/10.2147/AMEP.S157569

O'Brien, G. L., Sinnott, S. J., Walshe, V., Mulcahy, M., & Byrne, S. (2020). Health policy triangle framework: narrative review of the recent literature. Health Policy Open, 1, 100016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hpopen.2020.100016

OECD. (2020). Policy Framework on Sound Public Governance: Baseline Features of Governments that Work Well. OECD Publishing, Paris. https://doi.org/10.1787/c03e01b3-en

Ogugua, J. O., Olorunsogo, T. O., Muonde, M., Maduka, C. P., & Omotayo, O. (2024). Developing countries' health policy: A critical review and pathway to effective healthcare systems. International Journal of Science and Research Archive, 11, 371-382. https://doi.org/10.30574/ijsra.2024.11.1.0069

Page, M. J., McKenzie, J. E., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D., Shamseer, L., Tetzlaff, J. M., Akl, E. A., Brennan, S. E., Chou, R., Glanville, J., Grimshaw, J. M., Hróbjartsson, A., Lalu, M. M., Li, T., Loder, E. W., Mayo-Wilson, E., McDonald, S., McGuinness, L. A., Stewart, L. A., Thomas, J., Tricco, A. C. Welch, V. A., Whiting, P., & Moher, D. (2021). The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 372, n71. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n71

Pandey, A., Sharma, K., Hasan, H., & Zodpey, S. P. (2012). Emerging need for health policy teaching in India. Indian Journal of Public Health, 56(3), 210-213. https://doi.org/10.4103/0019-557X.104237

Patel, M. S., Davis, M. M., & Lypson, M. L. (2011). Advancing medical education by teaching health policy. New England Journal of Medicine, 364(8), 695-697. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp1009202

Patel, M. S., Lypson, M. L., Miller, D. D., & Davis, M. M. (2014). A framework for evaluating student perceptions of health policy training in medical school. Academic Medicine, 89(10), 1375-1379. https://doi.org/10.1097/ACM.0000000000000408

Payán, D. D. (2021). Cultivating health policy analysis and communication skills in undergraduate public health education: An active learning approach. Pedagogy in Health Promotion, 7(3), 235-241. https://doi.org/10.1177/23733799211003248

Phillips, J. P., Wilbanks, D. M., Salinas, D. F., & Doberneck, D. M. (2016). Educational debt in the context of career planning: a qualitative exploration of medical student perceptions. Teaching and Learning in Medicine, 28(3), 243-251. https://doi.org/10.1080/10401334.2016.1178116

Punzalan, J. K., Guingona, M., Punzalan, M. G., Cristobal, F., Frahsa, A., & Liwanag, H. J. (2023). The Integration of Primary Care and Public Health in Medical Students' Training Based on Social Accountability and Community-Engaged Medical Education. International journal of public health, 68, 1605359. https://doi.org/10.3389/ijph.2023.1605359

Porter, K. M. P., Rutkow, L., & McGinty, E. E. (2018). The Importance of Policy Change for Addressing Public Health Problems. Public health reports, 133(1), 9S–14S. https://doi.org/10.1177/0033354918788880

Poursheikhali, A., Alkhaldi, M., Dehnavieh, R., Haghdoost, A., Masoud, A., Noorihekmat, S., Cheshmyazdan, M. R., & Bamir, M. (2022). What the policy and stewardship landscape of a national health research system looks like in a developing country like Iran: a qualitative study. Health Research Policy and Systems, 20(1), 116. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12961-022-00905-3

Press, V. G., Fritz, C. D., & Vela, M. B. (2015). First-year medical student attitudes about advocacy in medicine across multiple fields of discipline: analysis of reflective essays. Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities, 2, 556-564. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40615-015-0105-z

Qamar, J. B., Uzair, M., Ahmed, S., Ganny, H., Jafri, L., & Kirmani, S. (2023). The role of medical students in advocacy for rare diseases–Experience from a Low-and Middle-Income Country (LMIC). Rare, 1, 100004. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rare.2023.100004

Rahma, A. T., Ádám, B., Abdullahi, A. S., Sheek-Hussein, M., Shaban, S., AlShamsi, M., ... & Grivna, M. (2023). Reflections on medical student evaluations of a public health clerkship. Frontiers in Public Health, 11, 1121206. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1121206

Rahman, M. W., Hasan, M. M., Palash, M. S., & Asaduzzaman, M. (2024). Medical education in Bangladesh from Student and Teacher’s Perspective: Impact and challenges of the COVID-19 pandemic. MedEdPublish, 13, 209. https://doi.org/10.12688/mep.19761.2

Reddy, S., Obremskey, A., Hochman, M., Schaff, P., Harlan, G., & Saluja, S. (2020). The impact of a new curriculum on medical students’ interest in and knowledge of health systems science. In Healthcare, 8(2), 100409. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hjdsi.2020.100409

Riegelman, R. (2006). Commentary: Health systems and health policy: A curriculum for all medical students. Academic Medicine, 81(4), 391-392. https://doi.org/10.1097/00001888-200604000-00014

Risnawati, G., & Nadjib, M. (2023). The Motivations of Indonesians For Medical Tourism to Malaysia: Systematic Literature Review. Jurnal Kesehatan Tambusai, 4(4), 5404-5413. https://journal.universitaspahlawan.ac.id/index.php/jkt/article/download/19857/15840/72428

Rogers, M., Lehwaldt, D., Roussel, J., & Acorn, M. (Eds.). (2024). Advanced Practice Nurse Networking to Enhance Global Health. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-39740-0

Rook, J. M., Fox, J. A., Feuerbach, A. M., Blum, J. R., Henschen, B. L., Oot, A. R., Pierce, J. B., Davey, C. S., & Winkelman, T. N. (2020). Today’s students, tomorrow’s physicians: Opinions on enacted and prospective health care policies. International Journal of Health Services, 50(3), 324-333. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020731420915657

Rook, J. M., Winkelman, T. N., Fox, J. A., Pierce, J. B., Oot, A. R., Blum, J. R., Feuerbach, A., Shahu, A., Goldman, M. L., Kopp, Z., Duffy, E., Robledo-Gil, T., Tran, N., Davey, C., & Henschen, B. L. (2019). Looking to the future: medical students’ views on health care reform and professional responsibility. Academic Medicine, 94(9), 1361-1368. https://doi.org/10.1097/ACM.0000000000002621

Saif-Ur-Rahman, K. M., Mamun, R., Nowrin, I., Hossain, S., Islam, K., Rumman, T., ... & Anwar, I. (2019). Primary healthcare policy and governance in low-income and middle-income countries: an evidence gap map. BMJ global health, 4(8), e001453. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2019-001453

Saurabh, A. K. (2023). The History of Student Movements in India: A Sociological Account. The Oriental Anthropologist, 23(1), 147-167. https://doi.org/10.1177/09754253221122759

Sears, S. (2018). Medical Student Rotation News. West Virginia Medical Journal, 114(2). https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A539648352/AONE?

Sellers, K., Leider, J. P., Harper, E., Castrucci, B. C., Bharthapudi, K., Liss-Levinson, R., Jarris, P. E., & Hunter, E. L. (2015). The Public Health Workforce Interests and Needs Survey: The First National Survey of State Health Agency Employees. Journal of public health management and practice: JPHMP, 21(6), S13–S27. https://doi.org/10.1097/PHH.0000000000000331

Sola, O. (2020). The Intersection of Health Policy and Academia. In Sanchez, J. P. (Ed.), Succeeding in Academic Medicine: A Roadmap for Diverse Medical Students and Residents, 101-116. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-33267-9_9

Sola, O., Cabrero, F. R., Mehta, A., Santos, M. P., & Sánchez, J. P. (2023). Tu Lucha es Mi Lucha: The Evolution of a Student-Driven LHS+ Health Policy Initiative. In Latino, Hispanic, or of Spanish Origin+ Identified Student Leaders in Medicine: Recognizing More Than 50 years of Presence, Activism, and Leadership, 131-147. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-35020-7_8

South, A., Harris, A., Pope-Tarrence, J., & Hall, A. (2022). Curricular Threads to Train Compassionate Physicians to Improve Healthcare Systems. Society of General Internal Medicine Forum, 45(10), 9. https://connect.sgim.org/viewdocument/curricular-threads-to-train-compass

Sriram, V., Mishra, A., & Baru, R. (2021). Workers or Warriors? Resident Doctors’ Protests and Health Governance in India. The Wire: Science. https://science.thewire.in/health/resident-doctors-protests-rights-health-governance-medical-entrance-exams/

Stock, V. F. (2015). Universal healthcare-through the eyes of a medical student. South African Journal of Bioethics and Law, 8(2), 7-10. https://doi.org/10.7196/sajbl.438

Sui, X., Reddy, P., Nyembezi, A., Naidoo, P., Chalkidou, K., Squires, N., & Ebrahim, S. (2019). Cuban medical training for South African students: a mixed methods study. BMC Medical Education, 19, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-019-1661-4

Suswati, I., & Rahayu, R. (2019). Predictive validity of medical student learning outcomes with the medical professional program student competency test. J Sci Med, 15(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.22219/sm.Vol15.SMUMM1.8485

Talib, Z., van Schalkwyk, S., Couper, I., Pattanaik, S., Turay, K., Sagay, A. S., Baingana, R., Baird, S., Gaede, B., Iputo, J., Kibore, M., Manongi, R., Matsika, A., Mogodi, M., Ramucesse, J., Ross, H., Simuyeba, M., & Haile-Mariam, D. (2017). Medical Education in Decentralized Settings: How Medical Students Contribute to Health Care in 10 Sub-Saharan African Countries. Academic medicine : journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges, 92(12), 1723–1732. https://doi.org/10.1097/ACM.0000000000002003

Tamil Selvan, S., Yeo, X. X., & van der Eijk, Y. (2024). Which countries are ready for a tobacco endgame? A scoping review and cluster analysis. The Lancet. Global health, 12(6), e1049–e1058. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(24)00085-8

The Business Standard. (2023). Khulna Medical College students, medicine traders stage protests following clash. TBS News.

The Financial Express. (2020). Medical students continue protests against two-year internship. The Financial Express.com.

The World Bank. (2025). World Bank Country and Lending Groups. The World Bank.

Theophanous, C., Peters, P., O'Brien, P., & Cousineau, M. R. (2018). What do medical students think about health-care policy education?. Education for Health, 31(1), 54-55. https://doi.org/10.4103/1357-6283.239049

Thomas, C., Mokshagundam, S., Pitkin, J., Andresen, R., Bunzel, E., Burk-Rafel, J., Cassell, A., Chiang, T., Derry, L., Merryman, E., Najibi, S., Pliakas, M., Saltzman, H., Steenbergh, K., Vijayakumar, A., Wagner, J., Yongue, C., Zink, K., Zurales, K., Tsai, T., Dekhtyar, M., Skochelak, S., Mangrulkar, R. (2019). A Student-Led National Conference on Leadership: Broadening the Medical Student Role. MedEdPublish, 8, 133. https://doi.org/10.15694/mep.2019.000133.1

Thomas, C., Sandhu, S., Li, J., Sanders, G. D., & Prvu Bettger, J. (2022). Developing the next generation of leaders in health policy and management: lessons from an undergraduate student-led organization. Frontiers in Public Health, 10, 855712. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.855712

Times of India. (2022). Historic day for medical fraternity: FORDA on SC ruling. Times of India.

UNESCO. (2022). UNESCO Strategy on Education for Health and Well‐Being. UNESCO. https://doi.org/10.54675/MSST2323

United Nations. (2024). Country Classification by the United Nations. United Nations. https://www.iccn-2024.com/country-classification

United Nations. (2024). SDG Goals 3: Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages. Department of Economic and Social Affairs Sustainable Development. United Nations.

UPNVJ. (2023). Koordinasi Nasional ISMKI 2023. , Universitas Pembangunan Nasional Veteran Jakarta.

Vidwan, N. (2015). Medical Students Knowledge, Attitudes, and Perceptions regarding the Affordable Care Act and Other Health Policy Issues. University of Carolina Digital Repository. https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/concern/masters_papers/kw52jc37v

Walton, R., Greenberg, A., Ehlke, D., & Solá, O. (2020). Development of a Health Policy Elective for Medical Students During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Pilot Study. PRiMER (Leawood, Kan.), 4, 29. https://doi.org/10.22454/PRiMER.2020.557079

Witte, K. D., & López-Torres, L. (2017). Efficiency in education: A review of literature and a way forward. Journal of the operational research society, 68(4), 339-363. https://doi.org/10.1057/jors.2015.92

WHO, World Health Organization. (2009). Teaching of Public Health in Medical Schools. Report of the Regional Meeting Bangkok, Thailand, 8–10 December 2009. World Health Organization.

WHO, World Health Organization. (2025). SDG Target 3.c | Health workforce: Substantially increase health financing and the recruitment, development, training and retention of the health workforce in developing countries, especially in least developed countries and small island developing States. World Health Organization.

WHO. (2025). Tobacco. World Health Organization.

WHO. (2020). Principle: Actionables. World Health Organization.

Yadav, H., Shah, D., Sayed, S., Horton, S., & Schroeder, L. F. (2021). Availability of essential diagnostics in ten low-income and middle-income countries: results from national health facility surveys. The Lancet Global Health, 9(11), e1553-e1560. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(21)00442-3

Zhu, M., Neufeld, M. Y., Keller, S. G., Vaughn, S., Nodoushani, A., Boden, A. L., Dechert, T., Sanchez, S. E., & Allee, L. (2024). The advocacy toolbox: medical student curriculum for integrating advocacy in surgery. Global Surgical Education-Journal of the Association for Surgical Education, 3(1), 19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44186-023-00197-3

Downloads

Published

2025-07-31

How to Cite

Raihan, F. S. M. (2025). Education and involvement of medical students in health policy as a long-term strategy to attain health goals in developing countries. Asian Journal of Toxicology, Environmental, and Occupational Health, 3(1), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.61511/ajteoh.v3i1.2025.1836

Issue

Section

Articles

Citation Check