Girma the Gedeo of southern Ethiopia and their environment (1895–2004)

Religious-environment interconnection and Dararro ritual practice in Gedeo up to 2004 Introduction

Abstract

Background: Given the various causes, trajectories, and impacts of environmental issues, responses should be multifaceted, with one important component being the promotion of religious and indigenous roles for environmental protection. The relationship between religion and the environment, as well as religious attitudes toward nature, became a hot topic since 1967. Method: This study explores the connection between religion, Dararro ritual ceremonies, and environmental protection among the Gedeo people, highlighting the changes and continuities since Menelik's occupation and the introduction of universal religions from 1895 to 2004. Finding: It argues that, regardless of religious differences, most of indigenous activities, whether intentional or unintentional, contribute to environmental conservation in Gedeo, whereas Dararro serves as a generational bond, despite varying social, political, economic, and religious factors. The Gedeo believe that land and its components are created by Magäno (God), and hence, humans are entrusted with the responsibility of protecting it. Gedeo local religion further served as a bridge between Magäno (Sky God), humans, and environment. However, the introduction of universal religions has greatly affected the local religion of the Gedeo people, disturbing their indigenous way of life and hindering their efforts in environmental protection. Prior to the arrival of Orthodox Christianity in 1895 and Protestantism in 1955, the Gedeo people enjoyed a rich cultural heritage rooted in their local religious practices. These beliefs shaped their identity and community, highlighting the importance of preserving such practices in the face of changing environments. Drawing on archival sources, including government documents, reports, news articles, and interviews with knowledgeable elders, this study highlights the role of religion and indigenous knowledge in promoting systemic environmental protection while challenging conventional protection narratives. Conclusion: It calls for integrating religious beliefs with environmental protection frameworks and religious attitudes toward nature to effectively address the long-term effects of climate change and mitigate its environmental and socioeconomic damage. Novelty/originality of this article: This study improves our understanding of environmental history by documenting the ecological impacts of religion beyond personal worship and their socio-ecological consequences in Gedeo.