Representation of Indonesian women politicians (Media analysis to G30S PKI incident coverage from 1965 to 2015)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.61511/jgedsic.v2i1.2024.1039Keywords:
G30S/PKI incident, media representation, Gerwani and female politiciansAbstract
Background: The G30S/PKI incident that happened in 1965, was known with the murder of six generals by the PKI. The “New Orders” (Orba) regime, Soeharto, did extermination of hundreds of members and supporters of the PKI and imprisoning thousands of people, including Gerwani and those who were not members of PKI or Gerwani because of prejudices and assumptions. Since the reformation era of 1998, many historical facts about G30S/PKI were questioned by the people. During last 50 years the issues of G30S/PKI appeared and sank in the media coverage. Today, the representation of female politicians cannot be separated from the negative memories of the tragedy and the militant image of Gerwani. Methods: The research questions are: How consistent is media reporting when covering the same issue in different political contexts? How does the media, as a means of value socialization, influence the collective memory of society regarding women's activities in politics? The research is conducted using content analysis of a national newspaper from 1965 to 2015 to examine the visibility of Gerwani-related issues over time. Discourse analysis is also used to explore the role and position of Gerwani. Findings: The results indicate that the media tends to side with the dominant group, namely the rulers, and does not voice the interests of weaker groups. Women's interests are framed and represented through the perspective of men. Conclusion: In this context, female politicians receive more appreciation from society when they do not emphasize militant methods in advocating their ideas but instead focus on a caring approach. Novelty/Originality of this Study: The originality of this study lies in its focus on the evolving portrayal of Gerwani over different political eras and its examination of the media's role in shaping collective memory and gender biases. It uniquely integrates collective memory, and feminist perspectives to explore how media representation impacts societal views on women in politics.
References
Adam, A. W. (2000). Pengendalian Sejarah Demi Kekuasaan. In Seribu Tahun Nusantara (pp. 203–219). Penerbit Buku Kompas.
Adam, A. W. (2016, April 23). Penyelesaian Kasus Pulau Buru. Harian Kompas, 6.
Akalili, A., & Sari, I. O. (2021). Women and gender stereotyping in media from the point of view of structuration theory. Journal of Social Studies (JSS), 17(2), 165–178. https://doi.org/10.21831/jss.v17i2.40326
Aspinall, E., White, S., & Savirani, A. (2021). Women’s Political Representation in Indonesia: Who Wins and How? Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs, 40(1), 3–27. https://doi.org/10.1177/1868103421989720
Bustam, M. (2008). Untold Story: Dari Kamp ke Kamp. Cerita Seorang Perempuan. Buku Kita.
Croteau, D., & Hoynes, W. (2001). The New Media Giants: Changing Industry Structure. In D. Croteau & W. Hoynes (Eds.), The Business of Media: Corporate Media and the Public Interest (pp. 71–107). Pine Forge.
Dewi, V. K., & Kasuma, G. (2014). Perempuan Masa Orde Baru (Studi Kebijakan PKK dan KB tahun 1968-1983). VERLEDEN, 2 (2), 157-172. https://journal.unair.ac.id/VERLEDEN@table_of_content_47_volume2_nomor2.html
Entman, R. M. (2010). Media framing biases and political power: Explaining slant in news of Campaign 2008. Journalism, 11(4), 389–408. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884910367587
Fauzan, I. (2017). Politik dan Perempuan di Indonesia Paca Reformasi. Jurnal Ilmiah Mimbar Demokrasi, 17(1). https://doi.org/10.21009/jimd.v17i1.8760
Freeman, J. (2011). Another Side of C.Wright Mills: The Theory of Mass Society. Logos: The Journal of Modern Society and Culture, 11(4).
Ghazarian, Z., Woodbridge, L., Laughland-Booy, J., & Skrbis, Z. (2023). Investigating the ambitions of young women to run for national parliament: the case of Australia. Australian Journal of Political Science, 58(4), 461–476. https://doi.org/10.1080/10361146.2023.2269866
Hall, S., Evans, J., & Nixon, S. (2013). Representation (2nd ed.). Sage Publications.
Hegarty, A. Q. (2024). Gendered framing and representation of women in Irish political television programming during the 2020 formation of the government of Ireland. Feminist Media Studies, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2024.2328077
Hill, D. T. (1994). The Press in New Order Indonesia. University of Western Australia Press.
Hill, D. T., & Sen, K. (2000). The Internet in Indonesia’s new democracy. Democratization, 7(1), 119–136. https://doi.org/10.1080/13510340008403648
Ihromi, T. O. (1995). Kajian wanita dalam pembangunan. Yayasan Obor Indonesia.
Jackson, C., & Lawty-Jones, M. (1996). Explaining the overlap between personality and learning style. Personality and Individual Differences, 20(3), 293–300. https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8869(95)00174-3
Johnson, S., & Ensslin, A. (2008). Language in the Media. Continuum International Publishing.
Kellner, D. (1995). Intellectuals and new technologies. Media, Culture & Society, 17(3), 427–448. https://doi.org/10.1177/016344395017003005
Kompas. (1965a). Di Kaltim juga bubar. Harian Kompas.
Kompas. (1965b). Tiga majat terikat. Harian Kompas.
Kompas. (1965c, October 16). Kartika Chandra Kirana tuntut . Harian Kompas, 2.
Kompas. (1965d, October 16). Wanita Marhaenis Tuntut G30S. Harian Kompas, 2.
Kompas. (1965e, October 23). Desakan Wanita Katolik . Harian Kompas.
Kompas. (1965f, November 15). Kode Istimewa. Harian Kompas.
Kompas. (1965g, December). Srikandi Bayangkari Pati Stand-By. Hraian Kompas, 2.
Kompas. (1965h, December 3). Gadis-gadis Dibawah Umur Kena Bujukan Manis. Harian Kompas.
Kompas. (1965i, December 8). Anggota Gerwani Dapat Suntikan untuk Berbuat Asusila. Harian Kompas.
Kompas. (1965j, December 9). Antara Tugas dan Tjinta . Harian Kompas.
Kompas. (1965k, December 13). Tarian Bunga Harum yang Asusila. Harian Kompas, 2.
Kompas. (1965l, December 17). Potlot, Guru dan Tuhan. Harian Kompas.
Kompas. (1966a). NU Jogja: Bubarkan PKI dan Ormas2nja. Harian Kompas.
Kompas. (1966b). Semarang kikis habis gerombolan kontra revolusi. Harian Kompas.
Kompas. (1966c, December 4). Bawa Saja Istri Muda Pak... Harian Kompas.
Kompas. (1968, June 26). Kisah Hidup Dua Wanita Pelaku Lubang Buaya. Harian Kompas.
Kompas. (1971, January 12). Sukatno Didepan Sidang Subversi: Emi Marijam Pentjungkil Mata dengan Upah Rp 1 Juta. Harian Kompas.
Kompas. (1999, December 23). Mengembalikan Ruang Kepada Perempuan. Harian Kompas.
Kompas. (2000, May 25). Perlu Kompensasi bagi Keluarga Korban Pelanggaran HAM. Harian Kompas.
Kompas. (2005, May 3). Para Perempuan Korban 1965 Mencari Rehabilitasi. Harian Kompas.
Lestari, F. (2016, April 11). Menilik Kembali Peran Organisasi Perempuan Di Masa Orde Baru. Jurnal Perempuan.
Lestariningsih, A. D. (2011). Gerwani: kisah tapol wanita di Kamp Plantungan. Gramedia Pustaka Utama.
Lorenzo-Dus, N., & Bryan, A. (2011). Dynamics of memory: Commemorating the 2005 London bombings in British television news. Memory Studies, 4(3), 281–297. https://doi.org/10.1177/1750698011402573
Macdonald, M. (1995). Representing women: Myths of femininity in the popular media. Edward Arnold.
Mariana, A. (2015). Perbudakan Seksual Perbandingan Antara Masa Fasisme Jepang dan Neofasisme Orde Baru. Marjin Kiri.
Masad, R. (2020, March 13). The struggle for women in politics continues. Https://Www.Undp.Org/Blog/Struggle-Women-Politics-Continues
Muhammad, D. (2016, May 14). Tuan Menyita, Kami Membaca. Harian Kompas.
Neiger, M., Meyers, O., & Zandberg, E. (2011). On media memory: Collective memory in a new media age. Springer.
Nugroho, Y., Laksmi, S., & Putri, D. A. (2012). Mapping the Landscape of the Media Industry in Contemporary Indonesia.
Rogers, E. M., Dearing, J. W., & Soonburn, C. (1991). AIDS and the 1980s: The Agenda Setting Process for a Public Issue. Journalism Monograph, 126, 1–47.
Rohrbach, T., Fiechtner, S., Schönhagen, P., & Puppis, M. (2020). More Than Just Gender: Exploring Contextual Influences on Media Bias of Political Candidates. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 25(4), 692–711. https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161220912694
Rollero, C., Teresi, M., & Pagliaro, S. (2023). The Role of Sexting on the Perception of Image-Based Sexual Abuse. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 38(21–22), 11727–11744. https://doi.org/10.1177/08862605231188131
Sarwanto, A., & Gumilang, P. (2016, April 18). Live: Simposium Nasional Tragedi 1965. Https://Www.Cnnindonesia.Com/Nasional/20160418085757-20-124594/Live-Simposium-Nasional-Tragedi-1965
Taha, B. M., & Fahmy, S. S. (2023). Where are all the women? A cross-cultural analysis of women in online news. Newspaper Research Journal. https://doi.org/10.1177/07395329231206373
Taum, Y. Y. (2015). Sastra dan Politik, Representasi Tragedi 1965 dalam Negara Orde Baru.
Tempo. (2018, December 28). Razia Buku “Kiri.” Https://Www.Tempo.Co/Politik/Razia-Buku-Kiri--885205
Twoomey, J. L. (2004). Searching for a Legacy: The Los Angeles Times. Collective Memory and the 10th Anniversary of the 1992 L.A. “Riots.” Race, Gender, & Class, 11(1), 75–93. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41675114
Van Zoonen, L. (1997). The Ethics of Reporting on Private Lives. In K. Brants, J. Hermes, & L. van Zoonen (Eds.), The Media in Question: Popular Cultures and Public Interests. Sage Publications.
Ward, L. M., & Grower, P. (2020). Media and the Development of Gender Role Stereotypes. Annual Review of Developmental Psychology, 2(1), 177–199. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-devpsych-051120-010630
Wardhani, B. W. (2014). Status Perempuan Sebagai Warga Negara dalam Paradigma lnclusive Citizenship. Perempuan Politisi, 19(2), 7–27.
Wikan, A. (2011). Masa Depan Media Cetak Indonesia. Jurnal Dewan Pers, 5, 1–14.
Wimmer, R. D., & Dominick, J. R. (2006). Mass Media Research: An Introduction. Thomson Wadsworth.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Citation Check
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Journal of Gender Equality Disability Social Inclusion and Children
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
