Glucose monitoring device by BioSENS digital innovation based on organic thin-film transistors to prevent early diabetes
Keywords:
Non-invasive diagnostic, Saliva, Smartphone app, SWOT, HealthAbstract
Background: Diabetes is now one of the most serious chronic diseases in the world, with a growing prevalence globally, including among adolescents. The goal of this research, to develop a non-invasive diagnostic method, is an urgent need. The invasive nature of traditional finger-prick blood glucose tests can discourage patients from regularly monitoring their glucose levels, leading to inadequate disease management and increasing the risk of diabetes complications. Methods: The method used is a non-invasive method that measures glucose levels in saliva through a smartphone app. This technology works using Organic Thin-Film Transistors (OTFTs) that integrate glucose oxidase, which reacts with saliva to produce hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), which then decomposes into proton ions and electron, triggering an electrical signal. This signal is then processed by a smart device. Findings: The BioSENS device enables non-invasive, needle-free blood glucose testing using OTFT-based saliva sensors. Early results show a consistent correlation with blood glucose, highlighting its feasibility. Strengths include painless use, affordability, and ease of use, though clinical validation and regulatory approval are still needed. Conclusion: Diabetes in Indonesia requires greater attention. The BioSENS innovation offers a promising non-invasive and accessible approach to support early prevention and monitoring. Novelty/Originality of this Article: With technological advances, the BioSENS device innovation is present as an effort to prevent diabetes early. BioSENS or Bio-Surveillance and Early Notification System, is a digital innovation based on OTFT with a non-invasive method that can measure glucose levels in saliva through a smartphone application. The BioSENS innovation is expected to receive full support from the government, healthcare workers, and related sectors, to support early detection and prevention of diabetes, thereby improving the nation's health and becoming a step forward in realizing Indonesia's golden generation.
References
Aggarwal, A., Pathak, S., & Goyal, R. (2022). Clinical and economic outcomes of continuous glucose monitoring system (CGMS) in patients with diabetes mellitus: A systematic literature review. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 186, 109825. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2022.109825
An, X., Zhang, Y., Sun, W., Kang, X., Ji, H., Sun, Y., Jiang. L., Zhao, X., Gao, Q., Lian, F., Tong, X. (2024). Early effective intervention can significantly reduce all-cause mortality in prediabetic patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis based on high-quality clinical studies. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne), 1(15), 1294819. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2024.1294819
Bauer, J. A., Zámocká, M., Majtán, J., & Bauerová-Hlinková, V. (2022). Glucose oxidase, an enzyme “Ferrari”: Its structure, function, production and properties in the light of various industrial and biotechnological applications. Biomolecules, 12(3), 472. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom12030472
Boeva, Z., Mousavi, Z., Sokalski, T., & Bobacka, J. (2024). Recent trends in non-invasive on-body chemical sensing. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 172, 117542. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2024.117542
Damiati, S., Kompella, U. B., & Kodzius, R. (2018). Microfluidic devices for drug delivery systems and drug screening. Genes, 9(2), 103. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes9020103
Elkington, D., Belcher, W. J., Dastoor, P. C., & Zhou, X. J. (2014). Detection of saliva-range glucose concentrations using organic thin-film transistors. Applied Physics Letters, 105(4), 043303. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4892012
Giaretta, J., Zulli, R., Prabhakar, T., Rath, R. J., Naficy, S., Spilimbergo, S., ... & Dehghani, F. (2024). Glucose sensing in saliva. Advanced Sensor Research, 3(11), 2400065. https://doi.org/10.1002/adsr.202400065
Hu, D., Wu, Y., He, D., Rong, J. Sun, M., Yu, Z.hou MDb,*; Wu, Lihui BSce. (2025). Salivary biomarkers in diabetes mellitus diagnostics: A bibliometric analysis. Medicine 104(32), Article e43760, https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000043760
IDAI. (2023). IDAI: Kasus diabetes pada anak meningkat 70 kali lipat dari 2010. CNN Indonesia. https://www.cnnindonesia.com/gaya-hidup/20230201194845-255-907797/idai-kasus-diabetes-pada-anak-meningkat-70-kali-lipat-dari-2010
IDF. (2019). IDF Diabetes Atlas Ninth Edition 2019. International Diabetes Federation. https://diabetesatlas.org/media/uploads/sites/3/2025/02/IDF-Atlas-9th-Edition-EN.pdf
IDF. (2021). International Diabetic Federation Diabetic Atlas 10th edition. International Diabetes Federation. https://idf.org/about-diabetes/resources/?idf-category=epidemiology
IDF. (2025). More than 250 million people worldwide unaware they have diabetes. International Diabetes Federation. https://idf.org/news/idf-diabetes-atlas-11th-edition/
Kaminsky, L. A., German, C., Imboden, M., Ozemek, C., Peterman, J. E., & Brubaker, P. H. (2022). The importance of healthy lifestyle behaviors in the prevention of cardiovascular disease. Progress in cardiovascular diseases, 70, 8-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcad.2021.12.001
Kanakamedala, S. K., Alshakhouri, H. T., Agarwal, M., & DeCoster, M. A. (2011). A simple polymer based electrochemical transistor for micromolar glucose sensing. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 157(1), 92-97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2011.03.030
Ko, A., & Liao, C. (2023). Salivary glucose measurement: a holy ground for next generation of non-invasive diabetic monitoring. Hybrid Advances, 3, 100052. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hybadv.2023.100052
Liao, C., Xiao, S., & Wang, X. (2023). Bench-to-bedside: Translational development landscape of biotechnology in healthcare. Health sciences review, 7, 100097. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hsr.2023.100097
Liu, K., Ouyang, B., Guo, X. (2022). Advances in flexible organic field-effect transistors and their applications for flexible electronics. Npj. Flex Electron 6(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41528-022-00133-3
Lorencova, L., Kasak, P., Kosutova, N. (2024). MXene-based electrochemical devices applied for healthcare applications. Microchim Acta, 191(88). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00604-023-06163-6
Lukito, A. A., Tyrayoh, M., Prasetyanto, E. A., & Rukmini, E. (2024). Development of Sweat and Saliva Glucose Sensors as Alternative for Non-Invasive Blood Glucose Monitoring. International Journal of Technology, 15(3), 720-731. https://doi.org/10.14716/ijtech.v15i3.5535
Macaya, D. J., Nikolou, M., Takamatsu, S., Mabeck, J. T., Owens, R. M., & Malliaras, G. G. (2007). Simple glucose sensors with micromolar sensitivity based on organic electrochemical transistors. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 123(1), 374-378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2006.08.038
Markov, A. M., Krutilova, P., Cedeno, A. E., McGill, J. B., & McKee, A. M. (2023). Interruption of continuous glucose monitoring: Frequency and adverse consequences. Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology, 18(5). https://doi.org/10.1177/19322968231156572
Melville, O. A., Lessard, B. H., & Bender, T. P. (2015). Phthalocyanine-based organic thin-film transistors: a review of recent advances. ACS applied materials & interfaces, 7(24), 13105-13118. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.5b01718
Meza-Arroyo, J., & Ramírez-Bon, R. (2025). Organic–inorganic hybrid dielectric layers for low-temperature thin-film transistors applications. Recent Developments and Perspectives. Technologies, 13(1), 20. https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies13010020
Minamiki, T., Minami, T., Chen, YP. (2021). Flexible organic thin-film transistor immunosensor printed on a one-micron-thick film. Commun Mater 2(8). https://doi.org/10.1038/s43246-020-00112-z
Ministry of Health (Kemenkes). (2023). Survei Kesehatan Indonesia (SKI). Badan Kebijakan Pembangunan Kesehatan. https://www.kemkes.go.id/id/survei-kesehatan-indonesia-ski-2023
Ministry of Health. (2018). Cegah, Cegah, Dan Cegah: Suara dunia peranggi diabetes. Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. https://kemkes.go.id/id/cegah-cegah-dan-cegah-suara-dunia-perangi-diabetes
Ministry of Health. (2023). Laporan hasil survei risiko dan beban penyakit Indonesia 2022. Direktorat Jenderal Pencegahan dan Pengendalian Penyakit Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. https://kemkes.go.id/app_asset/file_content_download/1702958336658115008345c5.53299420.pdf
Nabajyoti, K., Sudarshan, G., Shelley, D., Minteer, P.G. (2023). Advances in bioelectrode design for developing electrochemical biosensors. ACS Measurement Science Au, 3( 6), 27 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.3c00034
Naghdi, S., Rhee, K. Y., Hui, D., & Park, S. J. (2018). A review of conductive metal nanomaterials as conductive, transparent, and flexible coatings, thin films, and conductive fillers: different deposition methods and applications. Coatings, 8(8), 278. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings8080278
Sun, M., Wang, S., Liang, Y. (2025). Flexible graphene field-effect transistors and their application in flexible biomedical sensing. Nano-Micro Lett. 17(34). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-024-01534-x
Ucar, A., Uribe, J., Espinosa, N. J., Bhattacharjee, S., & Inal, S. (2025). Functional Biomembranes for Transistor-Based Chemical and Biological Sensing. Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering, 42(9), 2105-2122. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11814-025-00452-x
Ulya, N., Sibuea, A. Z. E., Purba, S. S., Maharani, A. I., & Herbawani, C. K. (2023). Analisis faktor risiko diabetes pada remaja di indonesia. Jurnal Kesehatan Terpadu (Integrated Health Journal), 4(3), Article e16210. https://doi.org/10.31004/jkt.v4i3.16210
Wang, S., Gao, Y., Huang, Q., Guo, X., Yang, A., Zhang, Y., ... & Zheng, Z. (2022). Inkjet‐Printed Xerogel Scaffolds Enabled Room‐Temperature Fabrication of High‐Quality Metal Electrodes for Flexible Electronics. Advanced Functional Materials, 32(33), 2203730. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.20220373
Yachmaneni, A.Jr., Jajoo, S., Mahakalkar, C., Kshirsagar, S., Dhole, S. (2023). A comprehensive review of the vascular consequences of diabetes in the lower extremities. Current Approaches to Management and Evaluation of Clinical Outcomes. Cureus, 15(10), Article e47525. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.47525
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Citation Check
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Ravazka Aisyah Salman, Sarah Saravina Salman
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
