Determinants of stunting in children under two: The impact of maternal nutrition, birth weight, and breastfeeding practices

Zulfitrawati Zulfitrawati; Asmiana Saputri Ilyas

Authors

Zulfitrawati Zulfitrawati Department of Nutrition Program, Institut Teknologi dan Kesehatan Tri Tunas Nasional, Makassar, South Sulawesi, 90235, Indonesia
Asmiana Saputri Ilyas Department of Nursing Profession, Institut Teknologi dan Kesehatan Tri Tunas Nasional, Makassar, South Sulawesi, 90221, Indonesia

Keywords:

chronic energy deficiency, exclusive breastfeeding, low birth weight, stunting

Abstract

Background: Stunting is a nutritional problem that adversely affects child growth and development, particularly during the critical period of 0–23 months. Indonesia continues to face a high prevalence of stunting, including in Makassar City. The acceleration of stunting reduction has become a national priority in the Medium-Term National Development Plan 2020–2024. This study aimed to analyze the determinant factors contributing to stunting among children under two years (0–23 months) in the working area of Antang Community Health Center, Makassar City. Methods: An analytical observational study with a case-control design was employed. The sample consisted of 236 children under two, with 118 classified as cases (stunted) and 118 as controls (normal). Data were obtained from the e-PPGBM reports of the Makassar City Health Office and analyzed using odds ratio tests with a 95% confidence interval (CI) in Stata. Findings: The findings showed that maternal history of chronic energy deficiency (CED) increased the risk of stunting by 3.142 times, low birth weight (LBW) history increased the risk by 5.963 times, and lack of exclusive breastfeeding increased the risk by 2.099 times. Early initiation of breastfeeding (EIBF) and vitamin A capsule intake were not included in the bivariate analysis due to homogeneous data. The most dominant factor associated with stunting was a history of LBW. Conclusion: Stunting among children under two years is influenced by several key risk factors, particularly maternal CED during pregnancy, LBW history, and suboptimal exclusive breastfeeding practices. Novelty/Originality of this article: Strengthening nutrition education for pregnant and breastfeeding mothers, optimizing monitoring of maternal nutritional status during pregnancy, and increasing coverage of exclusive breastfeeding and child nutrition fulfillment through more intensive intervention programs are necessary to reduce stunting prevalence.

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