Occupational safety and health in maritime transportation: Strengthening compliance, supervision, and safety culture

Karlyna Bte Muhammad; Asmiana Saputri Ilyas; Rahman Rahman

Authors

Karlyna Bte Muhammad Department of Safety Engineering, Institut Teknologi dan Kesehatan Tri Tunas Nasional, Makassar, South Sulawesi, 90235, Indonesia
Asmiana Saputri Ilyas Department of Nursing Profession, Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Kesehatan Amanah Makassar, Makassar, South Sulawesi, 90221, Indonesia
Rahman Rahman Department of Safety Engineering, Institut Teknologi dan Kesehatan Tri Tunas Nasional, Makassar, South Sulawesi, 90235, Indonesia

Keywords:

maritime safety, personal protective equipment (PPE), OSH culture

Abstract

Background: Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) is a crucial aspect of the maritime industry. PT ASDP Indonesia Ferry (Persero), Unit KMP Merak–Siwa Port, faces challenges in implementing OSH standards. Data from the National Transportation Safety Committee (KNKT) (2003–2019) recorded 120 ship accidents with 513 fatalities. The main contributing factors include human error and the lack of discipline in the use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE). Methods: This study employed a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative and qualitative techniques. Quantitative data were obtained through questionnaires administered to 19 employees, while qualitative data were collected via semi-structured interviews with the OSH manager and direct workplace observations. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, and qualitative data were examined using thematic analysis. Findings: The study revealed that 73.7% of employees considered OSH implementation to be satisfactory; however, compliance with PPE use remained low (58%). Interviews highlighted inadequate supervision and a suboptimal safety culture as the main barriers to effective OSH implementation. Furthermore, OSH training was found to be less effective, as most programs were theoretical in nature and lacked practical components, leaving workers insufficiently prepared to handle occupational risks onboard. Conclusion: While OSH implementation at PT ASDP Indonesia Ferry has been relatively good, improvements are needed in PPE compliance, training effectiveness, and supervision. This study provides valuable insights for both companies and regulators in designing more effective safety strategies within the maritime sector. Novelty/Originality of this article: Unlike previous studies, it not only evaluates worker compliance but also identifies organizational and behavioral factors influencing adherence. The findings emphasize the importance of technology-based supervision, incentive systems, and simulation-based training methods, which are more interactive and effective compared to conventional approaches.

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