An exploration of ancient yoga in Bali: An effort to make bali a world centre for spiritual tourism

Authors

  • I Ketut Arta Widana Department Cultural Tourism, I Gusti Bagus Sugriwa State Hindu University Denpasar, Denpasar, Bali, 80235, Indonesia
  • I Gusti Ngurah Sudiana Religious Studies Program, I Gusti Bagus Sugriwa State Hindu University Denpasar, Denpasar, Bali, 80235, Indonesia
  • Ni Putu Widyastuti Religious Studies Program, I Gusti Bagus Sugriwa State Hindu University Denpasar, Denpasar, Bali, 80235, Indonesia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.61511/lad.v2i2.2025.1618

Keywords:

ancient balinese yoga, Bali, spirituality

Abstract

Background: Religion is often considered as a cause of environmental problems. In response to this pessimism, Buddhism through the philosophy of Dharma comes up as revolutionary perspective in shaping contemporary environmental development paradigm, a counter for modern Cartesian-Newtonian paradigm. This philosophy is embodied in the concept of paṭiccasamuppāda applied as “scalpel” on existing environmental problems. Methods: This research uses a qualitative case study to explore the revival of Ancient Balinese Yoga as a spiritual tourism destination. Data were collected through interviews, observations, document analysis, and FGDs. Data analysis included transcription, coding, thematic analysis, and contextual interpretation, with triangulation to validate findings. Findings:  Currently, there are significant efforts to revive Ancient Balinese Yoga as a spiritual tourism destination in Bali. Especially with the increasing of global interest in wellness and spirituality, Bali has great potential to attract tourists seeking authentic spiritual experiences. This involves the restoration and revitalization of traditional practices, including the hosting of yoga retreats, spiritual training, and festivals featuring ancient aspects of Balinese yoga and meditation. The development of spiritual tourism based on Ancient Balinese Yoga focuses on maintaining the authenticity of the practice while adapting to the needs and expectations of modern tourists. Conclusion: By combining yoga training with cultural tours, spiritual seminars, and meditation programs, Bali can position itself as a major hub for global spiritual tourism. Reviving Ancient Balinese Yoga as a spiritual tourism destination also supports the preservation of Bali's cultural and spiritual heritage, provides economic benefits to local communities, and enriches the traveler’s experience with authentic spiritual depth.  Novelty/Originality of this article: By bridging Buddhist philosophy with the revival of Ancient Balinese Yoga, this research offers a novel perspective on addressing contemporary ecological challenges, highlighting the interconnectedness of all life and proposing spiritual practices as essential components of sustainable development.

References

Berdychevsky, L., Gibson, H. J., & Bell, H. L. (2013). Girlfriend getaways and women's well-being. Annals of Tourism Research, 42, 352-368. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2013.02.007

Bowers, H., & Cheer, J. M. (2017). Yoga tourism: Commodification and western embracement of eastern spiritual practice. Tourism Management Perspectives, 24, 208-216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2017.07.013

Buckley, R. (2012). Sustainable tourism: Research and reality. Annals of Tourism Research, 39(2), 528-546. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2012.02.003

Bushell, R., & Sheldon, P. J. (Eds.). (2009). Wellness and tourism: Mind, body, spirit, place. Cognizant Communication Corporation.

Cheer, J. M., Belhassen, Y., & Kujawa, J. (2017). The search for spirituality in tourism: Toward a conceptual framework for spiritual tourism. Tourism Management Perspectives, 24, 252-256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2017.07.018

Chen, L. I. L., Scott, N., & Benckendorff, P. (2017). Mindful tourist experiences: A Buddhist perspective. Annals of Tourism Research, 64, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2017.01.013

Chhabra, D. (2010). Sustainable marketing of cultural and heritage tourism. Routledge.

Cohen, E., & Cohen, S. A. (2012). Authentication: Hot and cool. Annals of Tourism Research, 39(3), 1295-1314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2012.03.004

Cohen, S. A. (2017). Reflections on reflexivity in leisure and tourism studies. Leisure Studies, 36(4), 500-515. https://doi.org/10.1080/02614367.2017.1292522

Coghlan, A., Buckley, R., & Weaver, D. (2012). A framework for analysing awe in tourism experiences. Annals of Tourism Research, 39(3), 1710-1714. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2012.03.007

Connell, J. (2013). Contemporary medical tourism: Conceptualisation, culture and commodification. Tourism Management, 34, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2012.05.009

Csikszentmihalyi, M., & Csikszentmihalyi, I. S. (Eds.). (1992). Optimal experience: Psychological studies of flow in consciousness. Cambridge University Press.

Font, X., & McCabe, S. (2017). Sustainability and marketing in tourism: Its contexts, paradoxes, approaches, challenges and potential. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 25(7), 869-883. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2017.1301721

Fyall, A., Garrod, B., & Wang, Y. (2012). Destination collaboration: A critical review of theoretical approaches to a multi-dimensional phenomenon. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 1(1-2), 10-26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2012.10.002

Getz, D. (2008). Event tourism: Definition, evolution, and research. Tourism Management, 29(3), 403-428. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2007.07.017

Global Wellness Institute. (2021). The Global Wellness Economy: Looking Beyond COVID. https://globalwellnessinstitute.org/industry-research/the-global-wellness-economy-looking-beyond-covid/

Indriani, N. P., Surpi, N. K., & Juniartha, M. G. (2022). Pengaruh Latihan Yoga Surya Dharyam Terhadap Penurunan Tingkat Kecemasan Remaja di Pasraman Seruling Dewata Tabanan Bali. Jurnal Yoga dan Kesehatan, 5(2), 130-141.

Inversini, A., & Buhalis, D. (2009). Information convergence in the long tail: The case of tourism destination information. In W. Höpken, U. Gretzel, & R. Law (Eds.), Information and Communication Technologies in Tourism 2009 (pp. 381-392). Springer.

Kelly, C. (2012). Wellness tourism: Retreat visitor motivations and experiences. Tourism Recreation Research, 37(3), 205-213. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2012.11081709

Kern, A., & Schaflechner, J. (2020). Yoga as a diplomatic tool: Shaping India's cultural outreach in Southeast Asia. Journal of Contemporary Religion, 35(2), 229-246. https://doi.org/10.1080/13537903.2020.1761455

Konu, H. (2015). Developing a forest-based wellbeing tourism product together with customers – An ethnographic approach. Tourism Management, 49, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2015.02.006

Konu, H., & Laukkanen, T. (2010). Predictors of tourists' wellbeing holiday intentions in Finland. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 17(1), 144-149. https://doi.org/10.1375/jhtm.17.1.144

Lalicic, L., & Weismayer, C. (2021). Spiritual tourism: A systematic literature review and future research agenda. Journal of Tourism Futures, ahead-of-print. https://doi.org/10.1108/JTF-11-2020-0199

Lehto, X. Y., Brown, S., Chen, Y., & Morrison, A. M. (2006). Yoga tourism as a niche within the wellness tourism market. Tourism Recreation Research, 31(1), 25-35. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2006.11081244

Lim, Y. J., Kim, H. K., & Lee, T. J. (2016). Visitor motivational factors and level of satisfaction in wellness tourism: Comparison between first-time visitors and repeat visitors. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 21(2), 137-156. https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2015.1029952

Maddox, R. W. (2015). The politics of faith: On faith, rationality, and the secularization of public life. Lexington Books.

McKercher, B., & du Cros, H. (2002). Cultural tourism: The partnership between tourism and cultural heritage management. Haworth Hospitality Press.

Mkono, M. (2016). The reflexive tourist. Annals of Tourism Research, 57, 206-219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2016.01.004

Moscardo, G., Konovalov, E., Murphy, L., & McGehee, N. (2021). Mobilities, mindfulness and complex tourism experiences. Annals of Tourism Research, 89, 103064. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2020.103064

Norman, A., & Pokorny, J. J. (2017). Meditation retreats: Spiritual tourism well-being interventions. Tourism Management Perspectives, 24, 201-207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2017.07.012

Novelli, M. (Ed.). (2005). Niche tourism: Contemporary issues, trends and cases. Elsevier.

Olsen, D. H. (2020). Pilgrimage and tourism in the new age: The meaning and implications of spiritual seekers at Machu Picchu, Peru. Tourism Planning & Development, 17(1), 92-108. https://doi.org/10.1080/21568316.2019.1660574

Pratama, I. G. S. (2023). Standardisasi Pengajaran Yoga di Bali: Tantangan dan Peluang. Jurnal Pariwisata Budaya, 8(1), 45-60.

Reisinger, Y. (Ed.). (2013). Transformational tourism: Tourist perspectives. CABI.

Singleton, M. (2010). Yoga body: The origins of modern posture practice. Oxford University Press.

Smith, M., & Puczkó, L. (2015). More than a special interest: Defining and determining the demand for health tourism. Tourism Recreation Research, 40(2), 205-219. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2015.1045364

Surpi, N. K. (2021). Teks-Teks Klasik Yoga dan Refleksinya bagi Pengajaran Yoga di Bali. Jurnal Yoga dan Kesehatan, 4(2), 163-176.

Surpi, N. K., & Nantra, I. K. (2022). Sejarah Yoga: Asal Usul, Perkembangan, Teks dan Keberadaan Yoga Bali Kuno Tradisi Watukaru. Literasi Nusantara.

Trauer, B. (2006). Conceptualizing special interest tourism—frameworks for analysis. Tourism Management, 27(2), 183-200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2004.10.004

Voigt, C., Brown, G., & Howat, G. (2011). Wellness tourists: in search of transformation. Tourism Review, 66(1/2), 16-30. https://doi.org/10.1108/16605371111127206

Voigt, C., & Pforr, C. (Eds.). (2014). Wellness tourism: A destination perspective. Routledge.

Zeng, B., & Gerritsen, R. (2014). What do we know about social media in tourism? A review. Tourism Management Perspectives, 10, 27-36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2014.01.001

Published

2025-01-31

How to Cite

Widana, I. K. A., Sudiana, I. G. N., & Widyastuti, N. P. (2025). An exploration of ancient yoga in Bali: An effort to make bali a world centre for spiritual tourism. Life and Death: Journal of Eschatology, 2(2). https://doi.org/10.61511/lad.v2i2.2025.1618

Issue

Section

Articles

Citation Check