Yield and physical pulp properties of three Eucalyptus Pellita F. Muell clones at two active alkali concentrations: A study in tropical agriculture practices
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.61511/hjtas.v2i2.2025.1638Keywords:
Eucalyptus pellita, pulp properties, sulfate process, active alkali, clone performanceAbstract
Background: Efforts to enhance the genetic quality of Eucalyptus pellita F. Muell by PT. Riau Andalan Pulp and Paper included breeding several clones to optimize raw materials for pulp and paper production. Three clones—CEP06, CEP13, and CGP32—were selected to determine their potential based on pulp yield and physical properties. Methods: The wood samples from these clones were cooked using the sulfate process with active alkali concentrations of 13% and 15%, 25% sulfidity, a wood-to-liquor ratio of 1:4, a cooking temperature of 170°C, and a cooking duration of 2 hours. Pulp yields, kappa numbers, and pulp properties, including tear, burst, and tensile indices, were analyzed. Statistical analysis employed Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Honestly Significant Difference (HSD) tests. Findings: The clones CEP13 and CGP32 achieved higher screened yields at 38.34% and 38.26%, respectively, compared to CEP06. However, CEP06 demonstrated superior tear and burst indices of 6.36 mN·m²/g and 3.60 kPa·m²/g, respectively. The highest tensile index of 41.75 Nm/g was observed in the CGP32 clone. Significant differences were found among the clones in terms of screened yield, kappa number, and certain pulp properties. Additionally, active alkali concentrations significantly affected the screened yield and kappa number, with interactions between clones and alkali concentrations significantly influencing kappa numbers. Conclusion: The CEP06 clone is recommended for pulp and paper production due to its favorable pulp properties, making it an excellent raw material candidate. Novelty/Originality of this article: This study highlights the potential of Eucalyptus pellita clones in optimizing raw materials for pulp and paper industries, emphasizing their specific advantages and contributions to sustainable forestry practices.
References
Aiso, H., T. Hiraiwa, F. Ishiguri, K. Iizuka, S. Yokota dan N. Yoshizawa. 2013. Anatomy and Lignin Distribution of “Compression-Wood-Like Reaction Wood” in Gardenia jasminoides. IAWA Journal. Vol. 13 No. 3, hlm. 262-272.
Anggraeny, T. dan S.N. Marsoem. 2013. Pengaruh Konsentrasi Alkali Aktif terhadap Rendemen dan Sifat Fisik Pulp Sulfat pada Kayu Teras dan Gubal Eukaliptus Pelita (Eucalyptus pellita). Skripsi Fakultas Kehutanan, Universitas Gadjah Mada. Yogyakarta.
Anthonio, F. dan C. Antwi-Boasiako. 2017. The Characteristics of Fibres within Coppiced and Non-Coppiced Roseood (Pterocarpus erinaceus Poir.) and Their Aptness for Wood - and Paper-based Products. Pro Ligno. Vol. 13 No. 2, hlm. 27-39.
Aprianis, Y. dan S. Rahmayanti. 2009. Dimensi Serat dan Nilai Turunan Seratnya dari Tujuh Jenis Kayu Asal Provinsi Jambi. Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan. Vol. 29 No. 1, hlm. 11-20.
Bajpai, P. 2012. Biotechnology for Pulp and Paper Processing. Springer Science & Business Media, LLC. New York.
Biermann, C.J. 1996. Handbook of Pulping and Papermaking: Second Edition. Academic Press. California.
Casey, J.P. 1980. Pulp and Paper: Chemistry and Chemical Technology. Volume I: Pulping and Bleaching, Third Edition. Willey-Interscience Publisher Inc. New York.
Darmawan, A., B. Irawan, H. Ni’mah, A. Roesyadi, dan F. Kurniawansyah. 2020. Delignification of Abaca Fiber (Musa textilis) as Potential Substitute for Eucalyptus pellita. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. Vol. 857, hlm 1-8.
Direktorat Jenderal Kehutanan. 1976. Vademecum Kehutanan Indonesia. Direktorat Jenderal Kehutanan Departemen Pertanian. Jakarta.
Guimarães, L.M.S., M. Titon, D. Lau, L.N. Rosse, L.S.S. Oliveira, C.C.G. Rosado, G.G.O. Christo, dan A.C. Alfenas. 2010. Eucalyptus pellita as A Source of Resistance to Rust, Ceratocystis Wilt and Leaf Blight. Crop Breeding and Applied Biotechnology. Vol. 10, hlm. 124-131.
Harwood, C.E. 1998. Eucalyptus pellita: an Annotated Bibliography. CSIRO Forestry and Forest Products. Australia
Horn, R.A. 1978. Morphology of Pulp Fiber from Hardwood and Influence on Paper Strength. U.S. Departement of Agriculture. Wisconsin.
Hussin, M. C., Kasim, J., Yusoff, N. F., Jasmi, N. F., dan Misfar, S. N. 2014. Effect of Tree Portion and Distance From Pith on the Basic Density, Fiber Properties and Chemical Composition of Albizia falcataria Wood. International Journal of Latest Research in Science and Technology. Vol. 3 No. 6, hlm. 187-191.
Jamil, A.H., H.J. Tjahjono, Parnidi, dan Marjani. 2017. Characteristics of Some Agave Accessions Fibers for Pulp and Papermaking. Proceedings of International Workshop on Non-Wood Pulping and Papermaking Technology. Hlm. 24-31.
Kardiansyah, T., Paryono, dan S. Sugesty. 2017. Wood Properties and Potassium Hydroxide Pulping of Four Bamboo Species in Indonesia. Proceedings of International Workshop on Non-Wood Pulping and Papermaking Technology. Hlm. 223-230.
Kardiansyah, T. dan S.N. Marsoem. 2018. Dissolving Pulp Tiga Klon Akasia Hibrtida (Acacia mangium x Acacia auriculiformis) dari Wonogiri, Jawa Tengah. Tesis Fakultas Kehutanan, Universitas Gadjah Mada. Yogyakarta.
Kartikaningtyas, D., A. Nirsatmanto, S. Sunarti, T. Setyaji, B.R. Handayani dan Surip. 2020. Trends of Genetic Parameters and Stand Volume Productivity of Selected Clones of Eucalyptus pellita Observed in Clonal Trials in Wonogiri, Central Java. IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science. Vol. 522.
Kim, N.T., M. Ochiishi, J. Matsumura, dan K. Oda. 2008. Variation in Wood Properties of Six Natural Acacia Hybrid Clones in Northern Vietnam. Journal of Wood Science Vol. 54, hlm. 436-442.
Labosky, Jr., P., T.W. Bowersox, dan P.R. Blankenhorn. Kraft Pulp Yields and Paper Properties Obtained from First and Second Rotations of Three Hybrid Poplar Clones. Wood and Fiber Science. Vol. 15 No. 1, hlm. 81-89.
Lukmandaru, G., S.N. Marsoem, dan R.M. Siagian. 2002. Kualitas Kayu Nilotika (Acacia nilotica) Sebagai Bahan Baku Pulp. Prosiding Seminar Nasional V MAPEKI. 397-402.
Lukmandaru, G. 2018. Pengaruh Penambahan Antrakinon terhadap Sifat Pulp dan Lindi Hitam Proses Sulfat pada Kayu Karet. Proseding Seminar Nasional Masyarakat Peneliti Kayu Indonesia XX . Hlm. 226-233.
Luo, J.Z., R.J. Arnold, J.G. Cao, W.H. Lu, S.Q. Ren, Y.J. Xie, dan L.A. Xu. 2012. Variation in Pulp Wood Traits Between Eucalypt Clones Across Sites and Implications for Deployment Strategies. Journal of Tropical Forest Sciences. Vol. 24 No. 1, hlm. 70-82.
Marsoem, S.N. 2012. Buku Ajar Pulp dan Kertas. Fakultas Kehutanan Universitas Gadjah Mada. Yogyakarta.
Menucelli, J.R., E.P. Amorim, M.L.M. Freitas, M. Zanata, J. Cambuim, M.L.T. de Moraes, F.M. Yamaji, F.G.S. Júnior, dan E.L. Longui. 2019. Potential of Hevea brasiliensis Clones, Eucalyptus pellita and Eucalyptus tereticornis Wood as Raw Materials for Bioenergy Based on Higher Heating Value. BioEnergy Research. Vol. 12, hlm. 992-999.
Ramirez, M., J. Rodriguez, C. Balocchi, M. Peredo, J.P. Elissetche, R. Mendonça dan S. Valenzuela. 2009. Chemical Composition and Wood Anatomy of Eucalyptus globulus Clones: Variations and Relationships with Pulpability and Handsheet Properties. Journal of Wood Chemistry and Technology. Vol. 29 No. 1, hlm. 43-58.
Roliadi, H., Dulsalam, D. Anggraini. 2010. Penentu Daur Teknis Optimal dan Faktor Eksploitasi Kayu Hutan Tanaman Jenis Eucalyptus Hybrid sebagai Bahan Baku Pulp. Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan. Vol. 28 No. 4, hlm. 332-357.
Sixta, H. 2006. Handbook of Pulp. WILEY-VCH Verlag. Weinheim.
Sharma, S.K., S.R. Shukla, S. Shashikala, V.S. Poornima. 2015. Axial Variations in Anatomical Properties and Basic Density of Eucalypt urograndis Hybrid (E. grandis x E. urophylla) Clones. Journal of Forestry Research. Vol. 26 No. 3, hlm. 739-744.
Shmulsky, R. dan P.D. Jones. 2019. Forest Products and Wood Science: An Introduction. Seventh Edition. Wiley-Blackwell. Oxford.
Sumardi, I, A. Hadiyane, A. Rumidatul dan L. Melani. 2020. Characteristics of Empty Palm Bunch Fibers as Alternative Pulp Material. American Journal of Applied Sciences. Vol. 17, hlm. 129-134.
Syafii, W. dan I.Z. Siregar. 2006. Sifat Kimia dan Dimensi Serat Kayu Mangium (Acacia mangium Willd.) dari Tiga Provenans. Journal Tropical Wood Science & Technology. Vol. 4, No. 1.
Takeuchi, R., I. Wahyudi, H. Aiso, F. Ishiguri, W.T. Istikowati, T. Ohkubo, J. Ohshima, K. Iizuka, dan S. Yokota. 2016. Wood Roperties Related to Pulp and Paper Quality in Two Macaranga Species Naturally Regenerated in Secondary Forests, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. TROPICS. Vol. 25 No. 3, hlm. 107-115.
TAPPI T404 OM-92. 1992. TAPPI Test Methods: Tensile Breaking Strength and Elongation of Paper and Paperboard (Using Pendulum Type Tester). TAPPI Press. Atlanta.
Veenin, T., M. Fujita, T. Nobuchi dan S. Siripatanadilok. 2005. Radial Variations of Anatomical Characteristics and Specific Gravity in Eucalyptus camaldulensis Clones. IAWA Journal. Vol. 26 No. 3, hlm. 353-361.
Wistara, N., A. Carolina, W. Pulungan, N. Emil, S. Lee, N. Kim. 2015. Effect of Tree Age and Active Alkali on Kraft Pulping of White Jabon. Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology. Vol. 43 No. 5, hlm. 566-577.
Zaki, J.A., S. Muhammed, A. Shafie, dan W.R.W. Daud. 2012. Chemical Properties of Juvenile Latex Timber Clone Rubberwood Trees. The Malaysian Journal
