Flood-prone settlements and mosquito habitat risk: An integrated field survey and spatial mapping
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.61511/evojes.v3i1.2026.3595Keywords:
flood-prone areas, mosquito habitats, aedes aegypti, vector-borne diseases, Geographic Information System (GIS)Abstract
Background: Flood-prone areas present significant public health challenges, particularly in urbanized regions where inadequate drainage systems and water stagnation create ideal breeding grounds for disease vectors such as mosquitoes. This study investigates the relationship between flood risks and mosquito habitat proliferation in Gowa, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Methods: By combining a comprehensive field survey with Geographic Information System (GIS) spatial mapping, the study aimed to identify environmental and infrastructural factors contributing to mosquito breeding, particularly Aedes aegypti, the primary vector for dengue and Zika virus. Findings: The results revealed that areas with poorly managed drainage systems and stagnant water were high-risk zones for mosquito breeding, correlating with increased mosquito densities and higher disease transmission potential. The study also found that rapid urbanization, combined with insufficient waste management, further exacerbates the risk by providing numerous breeding sites for mosquitoes. The findings support global observations that similar challenges in other tropical regions, including Brazil and Indonesia, contribute to the spread of mosquito-borne diseases. Conclusion: This research highlights the critical role of environmental infrastructure in controlling vector-borne diseases and emphasizes the need for improved urban planning, integrated vector control strategies—including better drainage infrastructure, community education, and regular sanitation practices—to reduce mosquito breeding sites. Overall, it provides valuable insights for local authorities and public health organizations, offering a framework for targeted interventions in flood-prone areas. Novelty/Originality of this article: The novelty of this study lies in combining GIS spatial mapping with field surveys to directly link flood-prone urban infrastructure and environmental factors to mosquito habitat proliferation, providing a framework for targeted, location-specific public health interventions.
References
Abdullah, N. A. M. H., Dom, N. C., Pradhan, B., Salleh, S. A., & Dapari, R. (2025). Temporal associations between microclimate, adult Aedes mosquito indices, and dengue cases at the residence level in Malaysia: Implications for targeted interventions. PLoS ONE, 20(2). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0316564
Acosta-España, J. D., Romero-Álvarez, D., Luna, C., & Rodríguez‐Morales, A. J. (2024). Infectious disease outbreaks in the wake of natural flood disasters: global patterns and local implications [Review of Infectious disease outbreaks in the wake of natural flood disasters: global patterns and local implications]. Infezioni in Medicina, 4(32), 451. https://doi.org/10.53854/liim-3204-4
Adjobi, C. N., Zahouli, J. Z. B., Guindo‐Coulibaly, N., Ouattara, A., Vavassori, L., & Adja, M. A. (2024). Assessing the ecological patterns of Aedes aegypti in areas with high arboviral risks in the large city of Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 18(11). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0012647
Ahmed, S. H., Shaikh, T. G., Waseem, S., Zahid, M., Ahmed, K. A. H. M., Ullah, I., & Hasibuzzaman, Md. A. (2024). Water-related diseases following flooding in South Asian countries – a healthcare crisis. European Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, 22(1), 232. https://doi.org/10.15584/ejcem.2024.1.29
Alfian, A., Ibrahim, E., Manyullei, S., Ishak, H., Muis, M., Syahribulan, S., & Kasim, S. (2025). Analysis of the Relationship 3M Plus Action with the Existence of Aedes Aegypti Larvae in Work Area Sewo Health Center Soppeng Regency. Universal Journal of Public Health, 13(1), 106. https://doi.org/10.13189/ujph.2025.130110
Ane, R. L., Herbuela, V. R. D. M., Wahid, I., Susilawaty, A., Ishak, H., Ibrahim, E., Chiu, M., & Watanabe, K. (2021). Influence of Water Supply Conditions and Water Storage Containers on Aedes Mosquito Abundance in Makassar City, Indonesia. Research Square (Research Square). https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-189214/v1
Azevedo, T. S. de, Nisa, S., Littlejohn, S., & Muylaert, R. L. (2025). Leptospirosis in Campinas, Brazil: The interplay between drainage, impermeable areas, and social vulnerability. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 19(9). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0013560
Bakri, S., Apriliani, A. P., Kurniawaty, E., & Mayaquezz, H. (2024). Environmental and Demographic Effects on Vector Borne Disease Incidence: Welfare Role on DHF Reduction. Journal of Human Earth and Future, 5(1), 34. https://doi.org/10.28991/hef-2024-05-01-03
Bhatia, S., Bansal, D., Patil, S. H., Pandya, S., Ilyas, Q. M., & Imran, S. (2022). A Retrospective Study of Climate Change Affecting Dengue: Evidences, Challenges and Future Directions [Review of A Retrospective Study of Climate Change Affecting Dengue: Evidences, Challenges and Future Directions]. Frontiers in Public Health, 10. Frontiers Media. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.884645
Borges, I. V. G., Musah, A., Dutra, L. M. M., Tunalı, M., Lima, C. L. de, Tunali, M. M., Silva, A. C. G. da, Aldosery, A., Moreno, G. M. M., Santos, W. P. dos, Massoni, T., Yenigün, O., Kostkova, P., Rocha, R. P. da, Campos, L. C., & Ambrizzi, T. (2024). Analysis of the interrelationship between precipitation and confirmed dengue cases in the city of Recife (Brazil) covering climate and public health information. Frontiers in Public Health, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2024.1456043
Charlesworth, S. M., Kligerman, D. C., Blackett, M., & Warwick, F. (2022). The Potential to Address Disease Vectors in Favelas in Brazil Using Sustainable Drainage Systems: Zika, Drainage and Greywater Management. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(5), 2860. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19052860
Dharmamuthuraja, D., Rohini, P. D., M., I. L., Isvaran, K., Ghosh, S. K., & Ishtiaq, F. (2023). Determinants of Aedes mosquito larval ecology in a heterogeneous urban environment- a longitudinal study in Bengaluru, India. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 17(11). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0011702
French, M. A., Barker, F., Taruc, R. R., Ansariadi, A., Duffy, G. A., Saifuddaolah, M., Zulkifli, A., Awaluddin, F., Zainal, Z., Wardani, J., Faber, P. A., Fleming, G. M., Ramsay, E. E., Henry, R., Lin, A., O’Toole, J., Openshaw, J. J., Sweeney, R., Sinharoy, S., … Leder, K. (2021). A planetary health model for reducing exposure to faecal contamination in urban informal settlements: Baseline findings from Makassar, Indonesia. Environment International, 155, 106679. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2021.106679
Giofandi, E. A., Sekarjati, D., Sekarrini, C. E., & Sari, Y. N. (2024). Fine Scale Modeling for Potential Distribution of Dengue Fever in Tampan District, Indonesia. Environment and Natural Resources Journal, 22(2), 1. https://doi.org/10.32526/ennrj/22/20230196
Giofandi, E. A., Umar, I., Triyatno, T., Ahyuni, A., Sekarjati, D., Sari, Y. N., & Sekarrini, C. E. (2023). Environmental potential of Aedes Aegypti Mosquitoes for Dengue haemorrhagic fever in Pekanbaru, Indonesia. Forum Geografic, 2, 179. https://doi.org/10.5775/fg.2023.2.3590
Haryanto, B., Dwirahmadi, F., Nurlambang, T., & Asyary, A. (2025). Spatial Analysis on Dengue Fever Vulnerability in the Provinces of South Sulawesi and East Nusa Tenggara in Indonesia. Annals of Global Health, 91(1), 86. https://doi.org/10.5334/aogh.4915
Hernawan, A. D., Satoto, T. B. T., Hadmoko, D. S., & Madyaningrum, E. (2024). Household Dengue Vulnerability Information Model for Disseminating Vector Surveillance. Journal of Health Research, 38(6). https://doi.org/10.56808/2586-940x.1109
Hidayah, N., Suhartono, E., Hidayat, A., Mahmudah, M., & Sator, P. (2025). Logistic Model of Aedes Aegypti Larval Habitats Based on Modifiable Household Environmental Factors in Banjar, Indonesia. JURNAL KESEHATAN LINGKUNGAN, 17(4), 389. https://doi.org/10.20473/jkl.v17i4.2025.389-398
Ho, V. A. H., Wijayanti, S. P. M., & Rejeki, D. S. S. (2025). Analisis spasial terhadap kejadian demam berdarah dengue (DBD) di Indonesia: A systematic review [Review of Analisis spasial terhadap kejadian demam berdarah dengue (DBD) di Indonesia: A systematic review]. HOLISTIK JURNAL KESEHATAN, 19(5), 1012. https://doi.org/10.33024/hjk.v19i5.1180
Ibrahim, M., Huo, A., Ullah, W., Ullah, S., & Xuantao, Z. (2025). An integrated approach to flood risk assessment using multi-criteria decision analysis and geographic information system. A case study from a flood-prone region of Pakistan. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2024.1476761
Jan, N. A. M., Marsani, M. F., Thiruchelvam, L., Abidin, N. B. Z., Shabri, A., & Sani, S. A. A. (2023). Mitigating infectious disease risks through non-stationary flood frequency analysis: a case study in Malaysia based on natural disaster reduction strategy. Geospatial Health, 18(2). https://doi.org/10.4081/gh.2023.1236
Lusiyana, N. (2024). Entomological Survey and Temephos Susceptibility of Aedes, Culex and Anopheles in Naena Muktipura Mimika Papua. JURNAL KESEHATAN LINGKUNGAN, 16(1), 10. https://doi.org/10.20473/jkl.v16i1.2024.10-17
Malarvizhi, B., Zehra, A., & Poonguzhali, G. (2023). Dengue vector (Aedes aegypti) control in south Chennai using ovitraps through community participation. International Journal of Mosquito Research, 10(5), 58. https://doi.org/10.22271/23487941.2023.v10.i5a.698
Malik, M. A., & Siddiqui, M. M. (2025). Factors affecting establishment of dengue fever vectors in urban areas. Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal, 31(1), 6. https://doi.org/10.26719/2025.31.1.6
Muh, F., Qanita, N. G., Yuwanita, M. R., Wusono, A. D., Rahayu, A. A., Amirudin, F. A., Firdaus, M. E. R., Cahyani, N. K. D., & Han, J.-H. (2025). Plasmodium knowlesi and global changes: socio-ecological drivers and challenges. Malaria Journal, 25, 5. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-025-05687-x
Muhammad, I. N., Sarpono, S., Wibowo, A., Setiawibawa, R., & Kurniadi, A. (2025). SPATIAL ANALYSIS OF URBAN FLOOD VULNERABILITY USING WEIGHTED OVERLAY TECHNIQUE FOR IDENTIFICATION OF HAZARD ZONES IN GREATER JAKARTA. JURNAL GEOGRAFI Geografi Dan Pengajarannya, 23(1), 223. https://doi.org/10.26740/jggp.v23n1.p223-238
Murphy, A. K., Salazar, F. V., Bonsato, R., Uy, G. B., Ebol, A. P., Boholst, R. P., Davis, C., Frentiu, F. D., Bambrick, H., Devine, G. J., & Hu, W. (2022). Climate variability and Aedes vector indices in the southern Philippines: An empirical analysis. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 16(6). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0010478
Nayak, P. P., B, J. P., Govindan, S., & N, N. B. (2025). Influence of climatic and land use factors on post-monsoon distribution of Aedes mosquito vectors in Udupi taluk. Scientific Reports, 15(1), 36649. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-20413-y
Nurjanah, S. (2022). Distribution modelling of Aedes aegypti in three dengue-endemic areas in Sumatera, Indonesia. Tropical Biomedicine, 39(3), 373. https://doi.org/10.47665/tb.39.3.007
Owusu-Asenso, C. M. (2023). Bridging Vectors of Dengue Fever: The Endless Cycle. In Infectious diseases. IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.109478
Pakaya, R., Hano, Y. Hz., & Olii, M. R. (2022). Dengue hemorrhagic fever vulnerability assessment in Gorontalo Regency using analytic hierarchy process and geoinformation techniques. International Journal of Public Health Science (IJPHS), 11(1), 138. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijphs.v11i1.21084
Parker, D. M., Medina, C., Bohl, J. A., Lon, C., Chea, S., Lay, S., Kong, D., Nhek, S., Man, S., Doehl, J. S. P., Leang, R., Kry, H., Huy, R., Oliveira, F., Minin, V. N., & Manning, J. E. (2022). Determinants of exposure to Aedes mosquitoes: a comprehensive geospatial analysis in peri-urban Cambodia. medRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory). https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.09.12.22278870
Prameswarie, T., Ramayanti, I., Ghiffari, A., Hartanti, M. D., Anggina, D. N., Silvana, R., & Ismail, I. A. (2023). Aedes Aegypti Hatchability and Larval Development Based on Three Different Types of Water. Majalah Kesehatan Indonesia, 4(1), 27. https://doi.org/10.47679/makein.2023124
Prasetyowati, H., Dhewantara, P. W., Hendri, J., Astuti, E. P., Gelaw, Y. A., Harapan, H., Ipa, M., Widyastuti, W., Handayani, D. O. T. L., Salama, N., & Picasso, M. (2021). Geographical heterogeneity and socio-ecological risk profiles of dengue in Jakarta, Indonesia. Geospatial Health, 16(1). https://doi.org/10.4081/gh.2021.948
Rahmawati, Y., Jamil, I. R., & Hidayah, I. (2025). A Spatial Analysis on Heterogenous Determinant of Dengue Fever Cases in Indonesia. Journal of Geovisualization and Spatial Analysis, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41651-024-00212-1
Rodrigues, F. A. C., Butakka, C. M. de M., Siqueira, L. dos S. N., Cerqueira, L. L. de M., Mariotto, S., & Miyazaki, R. D. (2021). Isoenzymes of Aedes aegypti found in Baixada Cuiabana, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Interfaces Científicas - Saúde e Ambiente, 8(3), 470. https://doi.org/10.17564/2316-3798.2021v8n3p470-485
Rosser, J. I., Openshaw, J. J., Lin, A., Taruc, R. R., Tela, A., Tamodding, N., Abdullah, N. P. E., Amiruddin, M. D., Buyukcangaz, E., Barker, F., Turagabeci, A., Ansariadi, A., Leder, K., & Wahid, I. (2024). Seroprevalence, incidence estimates, and environmental risk factors for dengue, chikungunya, and Zika infection amongst children living in informal urban settlements in Indonesia and Fiji. Research Square (Research Square). https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5141509/v1
Rupa, F. H., & Hossian, M. (2024). Addressing Public Health Risks: Strategies to Combat Infectious Diseases After the August 2024 Floods in Bangladesh. Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, 57(6), 600. https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.24.495
Ruthirako, P., Choosuk, C., Suwan-on, K., Thongpoon, S., Thongpoon, K., & Thangrattanasuwan, P. (2025). Evaluating Flood Susceptibility through integrated Geospatial Techniques in Thailand’s Monsoon Regions. Engineering Technology & Applied Science Research, 15(2), 21418. https://doi.org/10.48084/etasr.9379
Salim, M. F., Satoto, T. B. T., & Danardono, D. (2025). Understanding local determinants of dengue: a geographically weighted panel regression approach in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Tropical Medicine and Health, 53(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s41182-025-00734-4
Sharma, S. (2022). Risk Assessment and Impact of Floods on the Transmission of Vector Borne Diseases. JOURNAL OF COMMUNICABLE DISEASES, 54(3), 15. https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202284
Sigit, A., Koyama, M., & HARADA, M. (2023). Flood Risk Assessment Focusing on Exposed Social Characteristics in Central Java, Indonesia. Sustainability, 15(24), 16856. https://doi.org/10.3390/su152416856
Silva, L. F., & Bastos, C. (2025). The role of weather and city environment in dengue outbreaks: what do we know so far? OBSERVATÓRIO DE LA ECONOMÍA LATINOAMERICANA, 23(1). https://doi.org/10.55905/oelv23n1-055
Souza, R. L. de, Nazaré, R. J., Argibay, H. D., Pellizzaro, M., Anjos, R. O., Portilho, M. M., Jacob-Nascimento, L. C., Reis, M. G. dos, Kitron, U., & Ribeiro, G. S. (2023). Density of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) in a low-income Brazilian urban community where dengue, Zika, and chikungunya viruses co-circulate. Parasites & Vectors, 16(1), 159. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-023-05766-5
Syam, B., Darmawi, D., Usman, S., & Athaillah, F. (2025). Identification of Anopheles Breeding Habitat & Knowlesi Malaria Distribution Using GIS in Sabang City, Aceh Province. Research Square (Research Square). https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6868857/v1
Tan, B., Véra, P., ABRAZALDO, J. C., & Ng, C. (2025). Flood-associated disease outbreaks and transmission in Southeast Asia [Review of Flood-associated disease outbreaks and transmission in Southeast Asia]. Frontiers in Microbiology, 16, 1694246. Frontiers Media. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2025.1694246
Telle, O., Grandadam, M., Philippon, D., Calvez, E., Pommelet, V., Marcombe, S., Béraud, J., Somlor, S., & Choisy, M. (2025). Dengue dynamics beyond biological factors: Revealing the nexus between urbanisation planning, and mobilities in Vientiane, Lao PDR. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 19(6). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0011990
World malaria report 2024: addressing inequity in the global malaria response. (2024). [Report]. https://iris.who.int/items/91d8a7a4-4513-48c0-aee9-95a5fe567c47
Wulandari, S., Pratama, F., Andika, N., Wongso, P., Wijayasari, W., & Rohmat, F. I. W. (2025). Identifying dominant river contributions to urban flooding: a scenario-based study of Makassar City. Frontiers in Built Environment, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbuil.2025.1612416
Yeboah, A. N. A. (2023). Investigating the impact of changing environments on mosquito-borne diseases, through the lens of alterations in vegetation and human-driven landscape modifications. World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 18(2), 1440. https://doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2023.18.2.0930
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Citation Check
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Zul Janwar, Zulkarnain, Nururrahmah Hammado, St Aisyah Humaerah
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
